📖 مقدمه: Passive Voice چیست؟
- فعال:
Hamid ate the apple.← تمرکز روی حامد (کی کار رو انجام داد؟) - مجهول:
The apple was eaten by Hamid.← تمرکز روی سیب (چه اتفاقی افتاد؟)
💡 قانون طلایی: وقتی نمیدونیم فاعل کیه، یا نمیخوایم روی فاعل تأکید کنیم ← از مجهول استفاده میکنیم!
🔹 ساختار کلی
| Active | Passive |
|---|---|
| Kate made the salad. | The salad was made by Kate. |
| Siri was making the dessert. | The dessert was being made by Siri. |
| Andy has made the tea. | The tea has been made by Andy. |
هر زمان فعل، شکل مجهول خودش رو داره؛ نکته مهم اینه که بعد از be در مجهول همیشه V3 میاد، نه فعل دیگه.
🔹 کی از Passive استفاده کنیم؟
سه کاربرد اصلی:
- فاعل نامشخص یا نامهم:
Rice is grown in India.My smartphone was made in China. - فاعل رو نمیدونیم:
The Eiffel Tower was designed by Gustave Eiffel. - فاعل مهمه (با by):
Huckleberry Finn was written by Mark Twain.← تمرکز روی کتاب، ولی نویسنده مهمه
🔹 افعال مجهول با Modal
The letter should be sent.
برای حدس درباره گذشته:
He must have been surprised. ← احتمالاً سورپرایز شدهThey should have been informed. ← باید اطلاعرسانی میشدند
⚠️ نکته مهم: این دو ساختار رو نباید قاطی کرد — The letter must have been sent last week. درسته، نه must be sent last week.
🔹 مجهولِ حالتی (Stative Passive)
وقتی V3 نقش صفت بازی میکنه و وضعیت فعلی رو توصیف میکنه، نه یک عمل انجامشده:
I locked the door. (عمل) در برابر The door is locked. (وضعیت)
در حالت stative معمولاً by نمیاد: The door is locked. نه The door is locked by me.
بسیاری از این افعال حالتی با حروف اضافه ثابت میان:
| حرف اضافه | نمونه |
|---|---|
| in | interested in, involved in |
| about | worried about, excited about |
| with | satisfied with, familiar with |
| to | married to, devoted to |
| by | surrounded by, accompanied by |
| of | proud of, aware of |
She is interested in Chinese art. / He is married to Alex. / The city is surrounded by water.
🔹 Get Passive
در مکالمه روزمره بهجای be از get استفاده میشه: They got married. (= were married) The dishes didn't get washed.
⚠️ در آزمونهای رسمی و نوشتار، بهجاش از be استفاده کن: The letter was sent. نه got sent.
🔹 صفتهای -ed و -ing
- -ed: احساس گیرنده (passive meaning)
- -ing: ویژگی دهنده (active meaning)
| -ed (احساسکننده) | -ing (ایجادکننده) |
|---|---|
| The students are confused. | The problem is confusing. |
| I am interested. | The book is interesting. |
| The children are bored. | The movie is boring. |
| She is exhausted. | The work is exhausting. |
🔹 فعلهای همیشهفعال
بعضی فعلها ناگذرند و هرگز مجهول نمیشن:
happen, occur, take place, exist, appear, seem, arise
An accident occurred. (نه was occurred!)A surprising thing happened. (نه was happened!)The answer appeared to me. (نه was appeared!)