Gerunds and Infinitives, Part 1
Gerund چیست؟ Infinitive چیست؟
Gerund = verb + -ing که نقش اسم دارد. در اصل فعل است، ولی مثل اسم رفتار میکند:
(a) Playing tennis is fun. — subject
(b) We enjoy playing tennis. — object of verb
(c) He's excited about playing. — object of preposition
Infinitive = to + شکل سادهی فعل، کمی رسمیتر از gerund:
(d) To play tennis well takes practice. — subject (کمکاربرد)
(e) He likes to play tennis. — object (رایجتر)
سه کاربرد -ing را گم نکن
| نوع | مثال | توضیح |
|---|---|---|
| Gerund | Walking is good exercise. | فعل بهجای اسم ← فاعل |
| Present Participle | Bob is playing tennis. | بخشی از زمان حال استمراری |
| Adjective Participle | That was a surprising win. | نقش صفت |
to همیشه به معنای infinitive نیست
وقتی to نقش حرف اضافه دارد نه جزء infinitive، بعدش gerund میآید نه فعل ساده:
❌ She is committed to work hard. ✅ She is committed to working hard.
❌ I'm looking forward to see you. ✅ I'm looking forward to seeing you.
افعالی که فقط Gerund میگیرند
| دسته | افعال |
|---|---|
| لذت/تحمل | enjoy, appreciate, mind, can't stand, dislike |
| ترک/پایان | quit (give up), finish (get through), stop |
| اجتناب/تأخیر | avoid, postpone (put off), delay |
| ادامه | keep (keep on) |
| فکر/صحبت | consider, discuss, mention, suggest |
✅ Joe quit smoking. / We discussed opening a business. / I suggested going to a movie.
بعد از این افعال، infinitive غلط است:
❌ I enjoy to play tennis. ✅ I enjoy playing tennis.
❌ She suggested to go to a movie. ✅ She suggested going to a movie.
افعالی که فقط Infinitive میگیرند
| دسته | افعال |
|---|---|
| برنامه/قصد | hope, plan, intend, decide |
| قول/توافق | promise, agree, offer, refuse |
| ظاهر/وانمود | seem, appear, pretend |
| نیاز/خواستن | want, need, would like, expect |
✅ She decided to leave early. / He refused to answer.
شکل منفی: not + to + verb — He pretends not to understand. استثنا: intend هر دو حالت را میپذیرد (intend to go یا intend going) بدون تغییر معنا.
Verb + Object + Infinitive
بین فعل و infinitive یک مفعول (شخص) میآید: The police ordered the driver to stop.
الگو: Verb + Object + to + verb — افعال رایج: tell, advise, encourage, remind, invite, permit, allow, warn, require, order, force, ask, expect, want, need.
در حالت Passive، object حذف میشود و infinitive مستقیم بعد از فعل میآید:
Active: Mr. Lee told me to be here. → Passive: I was told to be here.
بعضی افعال هر دو الگو را میپذیرند: I expect to pass the test. (verb + infinitive) و I expect Mary to pass the test. (verb + object + infinitive) — مثل ask, expect, need, want, would like.
نکتهی advise: بدون object با gerund میآید، با object با infinitive:
He advised buying a Fiat. / He advised me to buy a Fiat. — ❌ He advised me buying a Fiat.
افعال دو الگویی با تفاوت معنی — مهمترین بخش
گروه A (بدون تفاوت معنی): begin, start, continue, like, love, prefer, hate, can't stand, can't bear
It began to rain. = It began raining.
اگر فعل اصلی خودش progressive باشد، ترجیح با infinitive است (برای پرهیز از دو -ing پشت سر هم):
✅ It was beginning to rain. (نه was beginning raining)
گروه B (تفاوت معنی مهم):
| فعل | + to do | + doing |
|---|---|---|
| remember | یادت باشد انجام بدهی (وظیفه) — Judy always remembers to lock the door. | یادت میآید که انجام دادی (خاطره) — I remember seeing the Alps. |
| forget | فراموش کردی انجام بدهی — Sam forgot to lock the door. | فراموش کردی که انجام داده بودی — I forgot getting the mail. |
| regret | متأسفم که (خبر بد) — I regret to tell you that you failed. | پشیمانم از اینکه — I regret lending him money. |
| try | تلاش کردن — I'm trying to learn English. | آزمایش کردن (ببین جواب میدهد؟) — I tried opening the window. |
| stop | مکث کرد تا... — Ann stopped to talk to him. | متوقف کردن یک کار — The students stopped talking. |
مهمترین تله: She stopped smoking (دیگر سیگار نمیکشد) در برابر She stopped to smoke (کارش را متوقف کرد تا سیگار بکشد) — دو معنای کاملاً متضاد.
Gerund بعد از Preposition
قانون طلایی: بعد از هر حرف اضافه، فقط gerund میآید.
We talked about going to Iceland. / I'm interested in learning more.
ترکیبات پرکاربرد: be excited about, be interested in, be worried about, be capable of, be responsible for, be tired of (fed up) در برابر be tired from (خستهی جسمی)، look forward to, succeed in, keep/prevent someone from.
سه نکتهی کلیدی: be used to / be accustomed to با gerund (I'm used to sleeping with the window open)، instead of / in addition to با gerund، و by + gerund برای پاسخ به «چطور؟» (By practicing every day.)
ساختارهای دیگر
go + Gerund برای فعالیتهای تفریحی: go swimming, go shopping, go camping, go jogging.
ساختارهای خاص با -ing: spend/waste + time/money + -ing، have fun/trouble/a hard time + -ing، sit/stand/lie + place + -ing، find/catch + noun + -ing. تفاوت find (خنثی: I found him sleeping) و catch (منفی/ناراحتی: I caught him cheating).
It + Infinitive: It is difficult to learn a second language ≈ Learning a second language is difficult. با شخص: It is easy for young children to learn a second language.
Possessive + Gerund (رسمی): I appreciate your thinking of me. (informal: I appreciate you thinking of me.)
جدول جمعبندی تلههای کلیدی
| تله | غلط | درست |
|---|---|---|
| to = prep نه infinitive | look forward to see | look forward to seeing |
| enjoy/avoid + infinitive | enjoy to play | enjoy playing |
| advise + object | advised me buying | advised me to buy |
| progressive + gerund | is starting walking | is starting to walk |
| stop دو معنی | stopped smoking = paused | stopped smoking = quit |
| remember/forget معنی | remember to lock = memory | remember to lock = duty |
| tired of vs from | tired of running = fed up | tired from running = exhausted |
| catch + -ing | caught him to use | caught him using |
| be used to + gerund | used to sleep | used to sleeping |