بخش اول: واژگان کلیدی
| کلمه | معنی | مثال |
|---|---|---|
| art | هنر | Art increases brain's activity. |
| culture | فرهنگ | Art is a part of culture. |
| society | جامعه | Art reflects the history of a society. |
| handicraft | صنایع دستی | Iran has beautiful handicrafts. |
| identity | هویت | Art shows the identity of a nation. |
| reflect | نشان دادن/بازتاب دادن | This poem reflects the poet's love of nature. |
| custom | رسم/سنت | My uncle is interested in old local customs. |
| humankind | بشریت | The World Wars were bad for humankind. |
| appreciate | ارزش گذاشتن | Each society appreciates its art. |
| unique | منحصربهفرد | Each person's fingerprint is unique. |
| decorative | تزئینی | She bought a decorative wall clock. |
| creative | خلاق | Art makes people more creative. |
| sociable | اجتماعی | Art makes people more sociable. |
| valuable | ارزشمند | Gold and silver are valuable metals. |
| vast | پهناور/وسیع | Iran is a vast country. |
| diversity | تنوع | The animal diversity of Lorestan is amazing. |
| moral | اخلاقی | Persian art reflects moral values. |
| skillful | ماهر | Handicrafts are made in a skillful way. |
| imagination | تخیل | Art is what people create with imagination. |
| souvenir | سوغاتی | You'll get handicrafts as souvenirs. |
| income | درآمد | Handicrafts are part of a country's income. |
| economy | اقتصاد | Handicrafts help a country's economy. |
| workshop | کارگاه | It is my father's workshop and store. |
| craftsman | صنعتگر/هنرمند مرد | Iranian craftsmen are famous. |
| craftswoman | صنعتگر/هنرمند زن | Iranian craftswomen are hard-working. |
| product | محصول | We don't sell metalwork products. |
| depend on | بستگی داشتن به | The price depends on its size. |
| discount | تخفیف | You'll get a 20 percent discount. |
| pack | بستهبندی کردن | Please pack them for me. |
| weave | بافتن | He is weaving a rug. |
| pottery | سفالگری | I bought this beautiful cup in Meibod. |
| calligraphy | خوشنویسی | Can you read that calligraphy? |
| tilework | کاشیکاری | There are lots of tilework in Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque. |
| carpet/rug | فرش/قالیچه | I'd like to buy a Persian carpet. |
| metalwork | فلزکاری | We don't sell metalwork. |
| painting | نقاشی | There is a collection of Farshchian's paintings. |
| wellness | سلامتی/تندرستی | Art can improve people's wellness. |
| pleasure | لذت | People enjoy the pleasure of making artwork. |
نکات واژگانی مهم
reflect = نشان دادن (فعل) / بازتاب (اسم)
- This artwork reflects Iranian culture.
- مترادف: show (هممعنا — نکته متن پاراگراف ۱)
appreciate سه معنی مهم دارد:
- ارزش گذاشتن: I appreciate your help.
- قدردانی کردن: I really appreciate it.
- درک کردن ارزش: You can't appreciate art if you don't understand it.
vast = بزرگ/پهناور (برای مساحت و سطح)
- Iran is a vast country. ≠ big (عامیانه)
- مترادفهای کنکوری: huge, enormous, extensive
unique = منحصربهفرد
- ⚠️ very unique غلط است چون unique یعنی "یکتا" — قابل درجهبندی نیست
custom (رسم) vs habit (عادت):
custom= رسم اجتماعی/فرهنگی گروهی: Iranian customs are beautiful.habit= عادت شخصی: He has a bad habit of smoking.
craftsman / craftswoman جمعهایشان:
- craftsman → craftsmen
- craftswoman → craftswomen
- هر دو با هم: craftspeople
بخش دوم: صنایع دستی ایران
| صنعت دستی | انگلیسی | شهر/منطقه معروف |
|---|---|---|
| فرش/قالی | carpet / rug | تبریز، کاشان، اصفهان، آذربایجان، کردستان |
| سفالگری | pottery | میبد، لالجین |
| کاشیکاری | tilework | اصفهان، یزد |
| نقاشی | painting | اصفهان |
| خوشنویسی | calligraphy | سراسر ایران |
| فلزکاری | metalwork | اصفهان، شیراز |
| گبه قشقایی | Qashqai Gabbeh | فارس |
| ترمه اصفهانی | Isfahan Termeh | اصفهان |
| زریبافی | silk weaving | کردستان، آذربایجان |
نکته: Iran has a five-thousand-year-old history of artistic works.
⚠️ عدد مرکب قبل از اسم با خط تیره میآید:
- a five-thousand-year-old history ✓ (نه five thousands years old)
بخش سوم: مکالمه — رضا و توریست
نکات مکالمه
"How touching this Gabbeh is!" = چه گبهای لمسپذیر/تأثیرگذار است!
- ساختار تعجب: How + adjective + subject + verb!
- How beautiful this carpet is!
- How amazing Iranian art is!
"The price depends on its size."
- depend on = بستگی داشتن به
- ⚠️ بعد از depend on حتماً حرف اضافه on لازم است
"You'll get a 20 percent discount."
- If you buy more than 100 dollars, you'll get a discount.
- این یک Conditional Sentence Type 1 است (گرامر اصلی درس)
"I really appreciate the culture and art of Iran."
- appreciate + مفعول مستقیم (بدون حرف اضافه)
- ⚠️ appreciate for ← غلط
جواب سوالات مکالمه:
- He bought a Qashqai Gabbeh and a calligraphic tile.
- No, they are not all expensive. Isfahan Termeh and Qashqai Gabbeh are cheaper.
- (پاسخ آزاد بر اساس شهر دانشآموز)
بخش چهارم: متن اصلی — Art, Culture and Society
خلاصه پاراگرافها
| پاراگراف | موضوع |
|---|---|
| ۱ | تعریف هنر و نقش آن در فرهنگ و هویت |
| ۲ | تعریف صنایع دستی و نقش اقتصادی آن |
| ۳ | تاریخ ۵۰۰۰ ساله هنر ایران |
| ۴ | شهرت جهانی هنر ایرانی |
| ۵ | مهارت صنعتگران ایرانی |
| ۶ | فرش ایرانی = انتقال هنر و فرهنگ |
جواب Reference Words (تمرین A)
| کلمه ارجاع | به چه چیزی اشاره دارد؟ |
|---|---|
| it (para 1, line 2) | art |
| its (para 2, line 3) | each country and culture |
| them (para 3, line 3) | pottery, painting, calligraphy, rugs... |
| them (para 5, line 4) | craftsmen and craftswomen / artworks |
| they (para 6, line 6) | tourists |
جواب Scan (تمرین B)
- Art reflects the way of life, identity, and history of a society/nation.
- Making and selling handicrafts help a country's economy.
- Persian art is famous for reflecting moral and social values and the natural beauty of Iran.
جواب Paragraph Number (تمرین C)
- Making and selling handicrafts help economy → Paragraph 2
- Many people value the art of Iranian artists → Paragraph 5
- Handicrafts show art and culture of a nation → Paragraph 2
بخش پنجم: مهارت خواندن — Reference Words
چیست؟
Reference Words = کلماتی که بهجای تکرار اسم، به آن اشاره میکنند
انواع Reference Words
| نوع | کلمات | مثال |
|---|---|---|
| Pronouns | it, they, them, he, she, we | Art is valuable. It shows culture. |
| Possessives | its, their, his, her | Iran has its own handicrafts. |
| Demonstratives | this, these, that, those | These are Iranian handicrafts. |
راهنمای پیدا کردن مرجع
- جمله حاوی reference word را بخوان
- به جملات قبل از آن برگرد
- اسمی که از نظر عدد و جنس با reference word هماهنگ است را پیدا کن
- جایگزین کن و معنا را چک کن
مثال از متن:
Handicrafts are good examples... Each country and culture has its own handicrafts.
- its = each country and culture ✓
⚠️ نکته کنکوری: در سوالات Reference Words:
- اگر ضمیر مفرد است (it, its, he, she) ← مرجع آن اسم مفرد است
- اگر ضمیر جمع است (they, them, their) ← مرجع آن اسم جمع یا چند چیز است
بخش ششم: واژگان — Antonyms (متضادها)
جدول کامل متضادها (از کتاب و فراتر از آن)
| کلمه | متضاد | کلمه | متضاد |
|---|---|---|---|
| happy | unhappy / sad | fast | slow |
| cold | hot/warm | start | finish |
| decrease | increase | rise | fall |
| cheap | expensive | famous | unknown |
| buy | sell | unique | common |
| beautiful | ugly | skillful | unskillful |
| simple | complex/complicated | natural | artificial |
| domestic | foreign/international | ancient | modern |
| creative | uncreative | vast | small/tiny |
| valuable | worthless | moral | immoral |
جواب تمرینهای Antonym
تمرین A:
- happy → sad / unhappy
- fast → slow
- cold → hot / warm
تمرین B:
- a) start / finish ✓
- b) quickly / slowly ✓
- c) rise / fall ✓
- d) cheap / expensive ✓
تمرین C (از متن):
- a) para 1 — synonym for 'reflect': show
- b) para 3 — antonym for 'buy': sell
- c) para 5 — synonym for 'well-known': famous
- d) para 6 — antonym for 'ugly': beautiful
نکات کنکوری Antonyms
ساختن متضاد با پیشوند:
| پیشوند | مثال |
|---|---|
| un- | happy → unhappy |
| im- | moral → immoral / possible → impossible |
| in- | complete → incomplete / correct → incorrect |
| dis- | agree → disagree / like → dislike |
| -less (پسوند) | care → careless / use → useless |
بخش هفتم: گرامر اصلی — Conditional Sentences Type 1
تعریف
جملات شرطی نوع ۱ = شرط ممکن در آینده + نتیجه محتمل آن
جدول کامل ساختار
| بخش | ساختار | مثال |
|---|---|---|
| شرط (if-clause) | If + S + V1 (simple present) | If you study hard, |
| نتیجه (main clause) | S + will + base verb | you will pass the exam. |
مثالهای کتابی
| جمله | if-clause | main clause |
|---|---|---|
| If you study hard, you will pass the exams. | If you study hard | you will pass |
| If my friends come, I will become happy. | If my friends come | I will become happy |
| I'll phone you if I have time. | if I have time | I'll phone you |
| You'll hurt yourself if you jump into the river. | if you jump | You'll hurt yourself |
| If it snows, people will drive carefully. | If it snows | people will drive carefully |
ترتیب بندها (مهمترین نکته کنکوری)
⚠️ if-clause اول ← بعد از آن کاما (,) میآید:
- If you study hard,* you will pass.*
⚠️ main clause اول ← کاما نمیآید:
- You will pass if you study hard. (بدون کاما)
⚠️ اشتباهات رایج کنکور
| ❌ غلط | ✓ درست | توضیح |
|---|---|---|
| If you will study hard, you will pass. | If you study hard, you will pass. | در if-clause از will استفاده نمیشود |
| If it rains, I stay home. | If it rains, I will stay home. | در main clause از will استفاده میشود |
| If I will have time, I'll call you. | If I have time, I'll call you. | بعد از if ← زمان حال |
when vs if در جملات شرطی
| when | if | |
|---|---|---|
| معنی | وقتی (حتمی) | اگر (محتمل) |
| مثال | When I grow up, I will become a teacher. | If it rains, I will stay home. |
| ساختار گرامری | when + simple present → will | if + simple present → will |
⚠️ نکته: بعد از when هم (مثل if) در بند شرط از Simple Present استفاده میکنیم، نه will:
- When I grow up... ✓ (نه "will grow")
حل تمرین E
| جمله | انتخاب درست | دلیل |
|---|---|---|
| When I (grow up) | grow up | بعد از when → Simple Present |
| I (will become) a teacher | will become | main clause → will |
| If I (teach) well | teach | بعد از if → Simple Present |
| my students (will learn) | will learn | main clause → will |
| If they (study) hard | study | بعد از if → Simple Present |
| they (will become) successful | will become | main clause → will |
| If my students (become) successful | become | بعد از if → Simple Present |
| I (will feel) happy | will feel | main clause → will |
can / may بهجای will در main clause
⚠️ در بند نتیجه میتوان بهجای will از can یا may هم استفاده کرد:
- If you practice, you can improve.
- If it rains, we may stay home.
- If you eat well, you will/can/may feel better.
| Modal | معنی در نتیجه |
|---|---|
| will | حتماً اتفاق میافتد |
| can | میتواند اتفاق بیفتد (توانایی/امکان) |
| may/might | شاید اتفاق بیفتد |
Speaking Strategy — صحبت درباره شرط و نتیجه
الگوهای مفید:
- If everything goes well, I will...
- If all goes well, they will...
- If our plans work, we will...
مثالهای پاسخ تمرین F:
- If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home.
- If I study hard for my exams, I will get a good mark.
- If we go to Noshahr this Friday, we will swim in the sea.
- If I eat so much junk food, I will gain weight.
- If I get a good mark, my parents will be happy.
بخش هشتم: Past Participles — صفات ساخته شده از V3
ساختار
لیست کامل صفات V3 + حروف اضافه
| صفت V3 | حرف اضافه | معنی | مثال |
|---|---|---|---|
| interested | in | علاقهمند | I've always been interested in football. |
| bored | with | خسته شده از | Amir is bored with his present job. |
| amused | by | سرگرم/شاد شده از | Mina got amused by the story. |
| confused | — | گیج | I'm totally confused. |
| depressed | about | افسرده از | He often gets depressed about his weight. |
| excited | about | هیجانزده از | I'm so excited about going to Yazd. |
| frightened | of/by | ترسیده از | I was frightened to death. |
| surprised | at/by | متعجب از | They were surprised at the news. |
| tired | of | خسته از | I'm tired of watching television. |
| amazed | at/by | شگفتزده | She was amazed at his skill. |
| shocked | at/by | شوکه | They were shocked at the news. |
| satisfied | with | راضی از | I feel satisfied with my work. |
| pleased | with | خوشحال از | I'm pleased with the result. |
| worried | about | نگران | Are you worried about the exam? |
| disappointed | with/about | ناامید | She was disappointed with her grade. |
get vs be با صفات V3 ⚠️
| get | be |
|---|---|
| تغییر حال ← حالت جدید | حالت ثابت |
| He got depressed. (افسرده شد) | He is depressed. (افسرده است) |
| I got confused. (گیج شدم) | I am confused. (گیج هستم) |
مقایسه صفات V3 با صفات -ing ⚠️ (نکته مهم کنکور)
| صفت V3 | صفت -ing | فرق |
|---|---|---|
| bored (خسته/کسل شده) | boring (کسلکننده) | V3 = احساس شخص / -ing = ویژگی چیز |
| interested (علاقهمند) | interesting (جالب) | |
| excited (هیجانزده) | exciting (هیجانانگیز) | |
| amused (سرگرمشده) | amusing (سرگرمکننده) | |
| surprised (متعجب) | surprising (متعجبکننده) | |
| confused (گیج) | confusing (گیجکننده) | |
| frightened (ترسیده) | frightening (ترسناک) | |
| depressed (افسرده) | depressing (افسردهکننده) |
قانون طلایی:
- V3 (-ed) = احساس شخص (person feels)
- -ing = ویژگی چیز یا موقعیت (thing/situation is)
مثال:
- The movie is boring. (فیلم خستهکننده است — ویژگی فیلم)
- I am bored. (من خستهام — احساس من)
- The news is surprising. (خبر تعجبآور است)
- I am surprised at the news. (من متعجبم)
بخش نهم: گرامر — Infinitives (مصدر با to)
تعریف
Infinitive = to + base verb
- study → to study
- buy → to buy
- learn → to learn
مقایسه Gerund و Infinitive به عنوان فاعل
| Infinitive (formal) | Gerund (طبیعیتر) |
|---|---|
| To smoke is very bad. | Smoking is very bad. ✓ |
| To learn a language can be interesting. | Learning a language can be interesting. ✓ |
⚠️ هر دو درست هستند اما Gerund در زبان روزمره طبیعیتر است.
Infinitive به عنوان مفعول
- I like to watch this movie.
- She wanted to buy an Iranian handicraft.
- Hamed wants to learn a language.
Infinitive به عنوان قید هدف (Purpose)
معنی: برای اینکه، به منظور
- I went home to leave after school.
- Mahboobeh bought some flowers to give her mother. (برای اینکه به مادرش بدهد)
- I ran fast to catch the bus. (برای اینکه به اتوبوس برسم)
- She became happy to see her classmate. (از اینکه دوستش را دید)
⚠️ in order to = to (هر دو یعنی "برای اینکه"):
- I studied hard in order to pass the exam. = I studied hard to pass the exam.
افعالی که بعدشان Infinitive میآید ⚠️ (کنکوری)
| فعل | مثال |
|---|---|
| want | I want to become a doctor. |
| decide | She decided to study art. |
| choose | He chose to stay home. |
| expect | I expect to pass the exam. |
| promise | He promised to be on time. |
| try | She tries to exercise daily. |
| attempt | He attempted to run faster. |
| remember | Remember to turn off the lights. |
| forget | I forgot to call you. |
| agree | They agreed to help us. |
| wait | I can't wait to see you. |
| learn | She learned to swim. |
| hope | I hope to travel abroad. |
| plan | We plan to visit Isfahan. |
| refuse | He refused to eat junk food. |
صفات + Infinitive
- She became happy to see her classmate.
- Ali was really sad to leave us.
- I was shocked to hear the news.
- He was lucky to find a good job.
- She is careful to lock the door.
لیست صفات + Infinitive
| صفت | مثال |
|---|---|
| happy/glad | I'm happy to help you. |
| sad/sorry | I'm sorry to hear that. |
| lucky/fortunate | She's lucky to have a good family. |
| surprised/amazed | I was surprised to see him there. |
| shocked | She was shocked to learn the truth. |
| careful | Be careful not to wake the baby. |
| ashamed | He was ashamed to admit his mistake. |
| certain | I'm certain to pass. |
Infinitive منفی
- I told the children not to make so much noise.
- My dad tries not to forget the phone numbers.
- Remember not to be late.
- She decided not to go to the party.
حل تمرین A (Gerund یا Infinitive)
| جمله | جواب | نوع | دلیل |
|---|---|---|---|
| I went home after... leaving school. | leaving | Gerund | بعد از after (حرف اضافه) |
| I have decided to learn Spanish. | to learn | Infinitive | بعد از decide |
| We can't learn English without making mistakes. | making | Gerund | بعد از without (حرف اضافه) |
| Mahboobeh bought flowers to give her mother. | to give | Infinitive | هدف (purpose) |
| Remember to turn off the lights. | to turn off | Infinitive | بعد از remember |
| I ran fast to catch the bus. | to catch | Infinitive | هدف (purpose) |
مقایسه جامع Gerund vs Infinitive ⚠️
| Gerund (V+ing) | Infinitive (to+V) | |
|---|---|---|
| فاعل | ✓ Swimming is fun. | ✓ To swim is fun. (رسمی) |
| مفعول بعد از فعل | enjoy, finish, give up, quit | want, decide, hope, promise |
| بعد از حرف اضافه | ✓ good at swimming | ✗ |
| بیان هدف | ✗ | ✓ I study to learn. |
| بعد از صفت | ✗ | ✓ happy to see |
| بعد از go | ✓ go swimming | ✗ |
افعالی که هم Gerund هم Infinitive میگیرند:
- like, love, hate, start, begin, continue
- I like swimming. = I like to swim. (هر دو ✓)
افعالی که معنی عوض میشود:
| فعل | + Gerund | + Infinitive |
|---|---|---|
| remember | یادش میآید که قبلاً... | یادش میماند که... |
| remember | I remember locking the door. (یادم میآید که قفل کردم) | Remember to lock the door. (یادت باشد قفل کنی) |
| try | امتحان کردن (آزمایشی) | تلاش کردن (سخت) |
| try | Try eating less sugar. | I tried to stop smoking. |
| stop | متوقف کردن عمل | توقف برای هدف |
| stop | He stopped smoking. (سیگار را ترک کرد) | He stopped to smoke. (ایستاد تا سیگار بکشد) |
Gerund و Infinitive در متن — یافتن آنها (تمرین C)
Gerunds در متن:
- using our hands (para 2)
- making decorative items (para 2)
- Making and selling handicrafts (para 2)
- reflecting moral and social values (para 4)
- producing unique artworks (para 5)
Infinitives در متن:
- to know a country well (para 1)
- to help a country's economy (para 2)
- to introduce its culture (para 2)
- to name countries (para 4)
بخش دهم: Intonation in Conditional Sentences
قانون کلی
در جملات شرطی:
- if-clause: اگر اول بیاید ← rising intonation ↗ (صدا بالا میرود)
- main clause: → falling intonation ↘ (صدا پایین میرود)
مثال:
اگر main clause اول بیاید:
- We will stay home ↘ if it rains ↗
- کل جمله معمولاً با falling تمام میشود
بخش یازدهم: متن Listening/Reading — Art and Wellness
محتوای متن
نقش هنر در سلامتی:
- Art can improve people's physical, mental, and emotional wellness.
- If people use their art skills in a right way, they will be able to communicate their feelings.
- Art can help people have better relationships.
- The power of art decreases the risk of many illnesses such as heart attack.
- If people practice art, they will get along with their stress.
عبارات مهم متن
get along with = کنار آمدن با:
- If you practice art, you will get along with your stress.
be able to = توانستن:
- They will be able to communicate their feelings.
- مترادف: can (ولی can با will نمیآید ← از will be able to استفاده میشود)
wellness = تندرستی/سلامت کلی:
- شامل: physical + mental + emotional
Conditional Sentences در متن
- If people use their art skills in a right way, they will be able to communicate their feelings.
- If people practice art, they will get along with their stress.
Reference Words
| کلمه | مرجع |
|---|---|
| their (line 2) | people |
| its (last line) | art / the power of art |
بخش دوازدهم: نکات فراتر از کتاب
۱) Conditional Sentences — انواع دیگر (فراتر از کتاب)
| نوع | ساختار | کاربرد | مثال |
|---|---|---|---|
| Type 0 | If + present, present | حقیقت همیشگی | If you heat water to 100°C, it boils. |
| Type 1 | If + present, will | آینده ممکن | If it rains, I will stay home. ✓ (کتاب) |
| Type 2 | If + past, would | فرضی در حال | If I had money, I would buy it. |
| Type 3 | If + past perfect, would have | فرضی در گذشته | If I had studied, I would have passed. |
⚠️ برای کنکور پایه یازدهم فقط Type 1 لازم است.
۲) Compound Adjectives (صفات مرکب)
از متن:
- five-thousand-year-old history
- hand-made products
- hard-working people
قانون: صفت مرکب قبل از اسم با خط تیره (-) میآید:
- a hard-working craftsman ✓
- a hand-made carpet ✓
- a five-thousand-year-old history ✓
اما اگر بعد از اسم باشد:
- The craftsman is hard working. ✓ (بدون خط تیره)
۳) Collocations مهم درس
| Collocation | معنی |
|---|---|
| make art | هنر آفریدن |
| reflect values | ارزشها را بازتاب دادن |
| appreciate art | هنر را ارزش گذاشتن |
| introduce culture | فرهنگ را معرفی کردن |
| get a discount | تخفیف گرفتن |
| depend on + noun | به چیزی بستگی داشتن |
| take a souvenir | سوغاتی بردن |
| increase brain activity | فعالیت مغز را افزایش دادن |
| communicate feelings | احساسات را بیان کردن |
| get along with stress | با استرس کنار آمدن |
۴) کلمات همخانواده (Word Family)
| اسم | فعل | صفت | قید |
|---|---|---|---|
| creation | create | creative | creatively |
| imagination | imagine | imaginative | imaginatively |
| decoration | decorate | decorative | decoratively |
| appreciation | appreciate | appreciative | appreciatively |
| reflection | reflect | reflective | reflectively |
| diversity | diversify | diverse | diversely |
| skill | — | skillful | skillfully |
| value | value | valuable | — |
| identity | identify | identical | identically |
۵) Talking About Art (اصطلاحات مفید)
| اصطلاح | معنی |
|---|---|
| art gallery | گالری هنری |
| art exhibition | نمایشگاه هنری |
| work of art | اثر هنری |
| masterpiece | شاهکار |
| make/create an artwork | اثر هنری خلق کردن |
| be impressed by | تحت تأثیر قرار گرفتن |
| How touching! | چه تأثیرگذار! |
| How beautiful! | چه زیبا! |
| That's amazing! | خارقالعاده است! |
جمعبندی نهایی ✅
۱. واژگان کلیدی
| کلمه | معنی | نکته |
|---|---|---|
| reflect | نشان دادن | = show |
| appreciate | ارزش گذاشتن | بدون حرف اضافه |
| unique | منحصربهفرد | very unique ← غلط |
| custom | رسم اجتماعی | ≠ habit (عادت شخصی) |
| vast | پهناور | = huge, enormous |
| craftsman/woman | صنعتگر | جمع: craftsmen/women |
۲. Conditional Sentences Type 1
| ⚠️ اشتباه | ✓ درست |
|---|---|
| If you will study | If you study |
| If it will rain | If it rains |
| If I will have time | If I have time |
- بند if → Simple Present
- بند نتیجه ← will / can / may + base verb
- if-clause اول ← کاما لازم است
- main clause اول ← کاما لازم نیست
۳. Infinitives (to + V1)
| کاربرد | مثال |
|---|---|
| مفعول (بعد از فعل) | want to buy, decide to go |
| هدف | ran to catch the bus |
| بعد از صفت | happy to see, sorry to hear |
| فاعل (رسمی) | To learn is fun |
| منفی | not to make noise |
۴. Past Participles (صفات V3)
| مهمترینها | حرف اضافه |
|---|---|
| interested | in |
| bored | with |
| tired | of |
| excited | about |
| surprised | at/by |
| worried | about |
قانون -ed vs -ing:
- -ed = احساس شخص ← I'm bored.
- -ing = ویژگی چیز ← The class is boring.
۵. Reference Words
| ضمیر | جنس/تعداد مرجع |
|---|---|
| it / its | مفرد |
| they / them / their | جمع |
| this / that | مفرد (اشاره) |
| these / those | جمع (اشاره) |
۶. Antonyms مهم
| کلمه | متضاد |
|---|---|
| start ↔ finish | decrease ↔ increase |
| rise ↔ fall | buy ↔ sell |
| cheap ↔ expensive | famous ↔ unknown |
| beautiful ↔ ugly | unique ↔ common |
۷. نکات طلایی کنکور
- بعد از if در Type 1 → Simple Present (نه will)
- get bored ≠ be boring (احساس vs ویژگی)
- بعد از حرف اضافه ← فقط Gerund (نه infinitive)
- in order to = to (هدف)
- not to + V1 برای infinitive منفی
- when هم مثل if در بند شرط ← Simple Present میگیرد
- صفات مرکب قبل از اسم ← با خط تیره
- appreciate بدون حرف اضافه است (نه appreciate for)
- very unique ← غلط است
- custom (رسم جمعی) ≠ habit (عادت فردی)
"Art is what people create with imagination and skill."
هنر چیزی است که انسانها با تخیل و مهارت میآفرینند.