پرش به محتوای اصلی

Lesson 3 (زبان انگلیسی 2)درسنامه‌ی کامل کنکور

درسنامه‌ی کامل این مبحث در کوئیز سنتر — رایگان و بدون نیاز به ثبت‌نام

درسنامه

بخش اول: واژگان کلیدی

کلمه معنی مثال
art هنر Art increases brain's activity.
culture فرهنگ Art is a part of culture.
society جامعه Art reflects the history of a society.
handicraft صنایع دستی Iran has beautiful handicrafts.
identity هویت Art shows the identity of a nation.
reflect نشان دادن/بازتاب دادن This poem reflects the poet's love of nature.
custom رسم/سنت My uncle is interested in old local customs.
humankind بشریت The World Wars were bad for humankind.
appreciate ارزش گذاشتن Each society appreciates its art.
unique منحصربه‌فرد Each person's fingerprint is unique.
decorative تزئینی She bought a decorative wall clock.
creative خلاق Art makes people more creative.
sociable اجتماعی Art makes people more sociable.
valuable ارزشمند Gold and silver are valuable metals.
vast پهناور/وسیع Iran is a vast country.
diversity تنوع The animal diversity of Lorestan is amazing.
moral اخلاقی Persian art reflects moral values.
skillful ماهر Handicrafts are made in a skillful way.
imagination تخیل Art is what people create with imagination.
souvenir سوغاتی You'll get handicrafts as souvenirs.
income درآمد Handicrafts are part of a country's income.
economy اقتصاد Handicrafts help a country's economy.
workshop کارگاه It is my father's workshop and store.
craftsman صنعتگر/هنرمند مرد Iranian craftsmen are famous.
craftswoman صنعتگر/هنرمند زن Iranian craftswomen are hard-working.
product محصول We don't sell metalwork products.
depend on بستگی داشتن به The price depends on its size.
discount تخفیف You'll get a 20 percent discount.
pack بسته‌بندی کردن Please pack them for me.
weave بافتن He is weaving a rug.
pottery سفالگری I bought this beautiful cup in Meibod.
calligraphy خوشنویسی Can you read that calligraphy?
tilework کاشیکاری There are lots of tilework in Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque.
carpet/rug فرش/قالیچه I'd like to buy a Persian carpet.
metalwork فلزکاری We don't sell metalwork.
painting نقاشی There is a collection of Farshchian's paintings.
wellness سلامتی/تندرستی Art can improve people's wellness.
pleasure لذت People enjoy the pleasure of making artwork.

نکات واژگانی مهم

reflect = نشان دادن (فعل) / بازتاب (اسم)

  • This artwork reflects Iranian culture.
  • مترادف: show (هم‌معنا — نکته متن پاراگراف ۱)

appreciate سه معنی مهم دارد:

  1. ارزش گذاشتن: I appreciate your help.
  2. قدردانی کردن: I really appreciate it.
  3. درک کردن ارزش: You can't appreciate art if you don't understand it.

vast = بزرگ/پهناور (برای مساحت و سطح)

  • Iran is a vast country.big (عامیانه)
  • مترادف‌های کنکوری: huge, enormous, extensive

unique = منحصربه‌فرد

  • ⚠️ very unique غلط است چون unique یعنی "یکتا" — قابل درجه‌بندی نیست

custom (رسم) vs habit (عادت):

  • custom = رسم اجتماعی/فرهنگی گروهی: Iranian customs are beautiful.
  • habit = عادت شخصی: He has a bad habit of smoking.

craftsman / craftswoman جمع‌هایشان:

  • craftsman → craftsmen
  • craftswoman → craftswomen
  • هر دو با هم: craftspeople

بخش دوم: صنایع دستی ایران

صنعت دستی انگلیسی شهر/منطقه معروف
فرش/قالی carpet / rug تبریز، کاشان، اصفهان، آذربایجان، کردستان
سفالگری pottery میبد، لالجین
کاشیکاری tilework اصفهان، یزد
نقاشی painting اصفهان
خوشنویسی calligraphy سراسر ایران
فلزکاری metalwork اصفهان، شیراز
گبه قشقایی Qashqai Gabbeh فارس
ترمه اصفهانی Isfahan Termeh اصفهان
زری‌بافی silk weaving کردستان، آذربایجان

نکته: Iran has a five-thousand-year-old history of artistic works.
⚠️ عدد مرکب قبل از اسم با خط تیره می‌آید:

  • a five-thousand-year-old history ✓ (نه five thousands years old)

بخش سوم: مکالمه — رضا و توریست

نکات مکالمه

"How touching this Gabbeh is!" = چه گبه‌ای لمس‌پذیر/تأثیرگذار است!

  • ساختار تعجب: How + adjective + subject + verb!
  • How beautiful this carpet is!
  • How amazing Iranian art is!

"The price depends on its size."

  • depend on = بستگی داشتن به
  • ⚠️ بعد از depend on حتماً حرف اضافه on لازم است

"You'll get a 20 percent discount."

  • If you buy more than 100 dollars, you'll get a discount.
  • این یک Conditional Sentence Type 1 است (گرامر اصلی درس)

"I really appreciate the culture and art of Iran."

  • appreciate + مفعول مستقیم (بدون حرف اضافه)
  • ⚠️ appreciate for ← غلط

جواب سوالات مکالمه:

  1. He bought a Qashqai Gabbeh and a calligraphic tile.
  2. No, they are not all expensive. Isfahan Termeh and Qashqai Gabbeh are cheaper.
  3. (پاسخ آزاد بر اساس شهر دانش‌آموز)

بخش چهارم: متن اصلی — Art, Culture and Society

خلاصه پاراگراف‌ها

پاراگراف موضوع
۱ تعریف هنر و نقش آن در فرهنگ و هویت
۲ تعریف صنایع دستی و نقش اقتصادی آن
۳ تاریخ ۵۰۰۰ ساله هنر ایران
۴ شهرت جهانی هنر ایرانی
۵ مهارت صنعتگران ایرانی
۶ فرش ایرانی = انتقال هنر و فرهنگ

جواب Reference Words (تمرین A)

کلمه ارجاع به چه چیزی اشاره دارد؟
it (para 1, line 2) art
its (para 2, line 3) each country and culture
them (para 3, line 3) pottery, painting, calligraphy, rugs...
them (para 5, line 4) craftsmen and craftswomen / artworks
they (para 6, line 6) tourists

جواب Scan (تمرین B)

  1. Art reflects the way of life, identity, and history of a society/nation.
  2. Making and selling handicrafts help a country's economy.
  3. Persian art is famous for reflecting moral and social values and the natural beauty of Iran.

جواب Paragraph Number (تمرین C)

  1. Making and selling handicrafts help economy → Paragraph 2
  2. Many people value the art of Iranian artists → Paragraph 5
  3. Handicrafts show art and culture of a nation → Paragraph 2

بخش پنجم: مهارت خواندن — Reference Words

چیست؟

Reference Words = کلماتی که به‌جای تکرار اسم، به آن اشاره می‌کنند

انواع Reference Words

نوع کلمات مثال
Pronouns it, they, them, he, she, we Art is valuable. It shows culture.
Possessives its, their, his, her Iran has its own handicrafts.
Demonstratives this, these, that, those These are Iranian handicrafts.

راهنمای پیدا کردن مرجع

  1. جمله حاوی reference word را بخوان
  2. به جملات قبل از آن برگرد
  3. اسمی که از نظر عدد و جنس با reference word هماهنگ است را پیدا کن
  4. جایگزین کن و معنا را چک کن

مثال از متن:

Handicrafts are good examples... Each country and culture has its own handicrafts.

  • its = each country and culture ✓

⚠️ نکته کنکوری: در سوالات Reference Words:

  • اگر ضمیر مفرد است (it, its, he, she) ← مرجع آن اسم مفرد است
  • اگر ضمیر جمع است (they, them, their) ← مرجع آن اسم جمع یا چند چیز است

بخش ششم: واژگان — Antonyms (متضادها)

جدول کامل متضادها (از کتاب و فراتر از آن)

کلمه متضاد کلمه متضاد
happy unhappy / sad fast slow
cold hot/warm start finish
decrease increase rise fall
cheap expensive famous unknown
buy sell unique common
beautiful ugly skillful unskillful
simple complex/complicated natural artificial
domestic foreign/international ancient modern
creative uncreative vast small/tiny
valuable worthless moral immoral

جواب تمرین‌های Antonym

تمرین A:

  • happy → sad / unhappy
  • fast → slow
  • cold → hot / warm

تمرین B:

  • a) start / finish
  • b) quickly / slowly
  • c) rise / fall
  • d) cheap / expensive

تمرین C (از متن):

  • a) para 1 — synonym for 'reflect': show
  • b) para 3 — antonym for 'buy': sell
  • c) para 5 — synonym for 'well-known': famous
  • d) para 6 — antonym for 'ugly': beautiful

نکات کنکوری Antonyms

ساختن متضاد با پیشوند:

پیشوند مثال
un- happy → unhappy
im- moral → immoral / possible → impossible
in- complete → incomplete / correct → incorrect
dis- agree → disagree / like → dislike
-less (پسوند) care → careless / use → useless

بخش هفتم: گرامر اصلی — Conditional Sentences Type 1

تعریف

جملات شرطی نوع ۱ = شرط ممکن در آینده + نتیجه محتمل آن

If + Simple Presentبند شرط (if-clause),will/can/may + base verbبند نتیجه (main clause)\underbrace{\text{If + Simple Present}}_{\text{بند شرط (if-clause)}} , \underbrace{\text{will/can/may + base verb}}_{\text{بند نتیجه (main clause)}}

جدول کامل ساختار

بخش ساختار مثال
شرط (if-clause) If + S + V1 (simple present) If you study hard,
نتیجه (main clause) S + will + base verb you will pass the exam.

مثال‌های کتابی

جمله if-clause main clause
If you study hard, you will pass the exams. If you study hard you will pass
If my friends come, I will become happy. If my friends come I will become happy
I'll phone you if I have time. if I have time I'll phone you
You'll hurt yourself if you jump into the river. if you jump You'll hurt yourself
If it snows, people will drive carefully. If it snows people will drive carefully

ترتیب بندها (مهم‌ترین نکته کنکوری)

⚠️ if-clause اول ← بعد از آن کاما (,) می‌آید:

  • If you study hard,* you will pass.*

⚠️ main clause اولکاما نمی‌آید:

  • You will pass if you study hard. (بدون کاما)

⚠️ اشتباهات رایج کنکور

❌ غلط ✓ درست توضیح
If you will study hard, you will pass. If you study hard, you will pass. در if-clause از will استفاده نمی‌شود
If it rains, I stay home. If it rains, I will stay home. در main clause از will استفاده می‌شود
If I will have time, I'll call you. If I have time, I'll call you. بعد از if ← زمان حال

when vs if در جملات شرطی

when if
معنی وقتی (حتمی) اگر (محتمل)
مثال When I grow up, I will become a teacher. If it rains, I will stay home.
ساختار گرامری when + simple present → will if + simple present → will

⚠️ نکته: بعد از when هم (مثل if) در بند شرط از Simple Present استفاده می‌کنیم، نه will:

  • When I grow up... ✓ (نه "will grow")

حل تمرین E

جمله انتخاب درست دلیل
When I (grow up) grow up بعد از when → Simple Present
I (will become) a teacher will become main clause → will
If I (teach) well teach بعد از if → Simple Present
my students (will learn) will learn main clause → will
If they (study) hard study بعد از if → Simple Present
they (will become) successful will become main clause → will
If my students (become) successful become بعد از if → Simple Present
I (will feel) happy will feel main clause → will

can / may به‌جای will در main clause

⚠️ در بند نتیجه می‌توان به‌جای will از can یا may هم استفاده کرد:

  • If you practice, you can improve.
  • If it rains, we may stay home.
  • If you eat well, you will/can/may feel better.
Modal معنی در نتیجه
will حتماً اتفاق می‌افتد
can می‌تواند اتفاق بیفتد (توانایی/امکان)
may/might شاید اتفاق بیفتد

Speaking Strategy — صحبت درباره شرط و نتیجه

الگوهای مفید:

  • If everything goes well, I will...
  • If all goes well, they will...
  • If our plans work, we will...

مثال‌های پاسخ تمرین F:

  1. If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home.
  2. If I study hard for my exams, I will get a good mark.
  3. If we go to Noshahr this Friday, we will swim in the sea.
  4. If I eat so much junk food, I will gain weight.
  5. If I get a good mark, my parents will be happy.

بخش هشتم: Past Participles — صفات ساخته شده از V3

ساختار

Subject+beam/is/are/was/were+Past ParticipleV3+about/by/with/in/of...حرف اضافه\text{Subject} + \underbrace{\text{be}}_{\text{am/is/are/was/were}} + \underbrace{\text{Past Participle}}_{\text{V3}} + \underbrace{\text{about/by/with/in/of...}}_{\text{حرف اضافه}}

لیست کامل صفات V3 + حروف اضافه

صفت V3 حرف اضافه معنی مثال
interested in علاقه‌مند I've always been interested in football.
bored with خسته شده از Amir is bored with his present job.
amused by سرگرم/شاد شده از Mina got amused by the story.
confused گیج I'm totally confused.
depressed about افسرده از He often gets depressed about his weight.
excited about هیجان‌زده از I'm so excited about going to Yazd.
frightened of/by ترسیده از I was frightened to death.
surprised at/by متعجب از They were surprised at the news.
tired of خسته از I'm tired of watching television.
amazed at/by شگفت‌زده She was amazed at his skill.
shocked at/by شوکه They were shocked at the news.
satisfied with راضی از I feel satisfied with my work.
pleased with خوشحال از I'm pleased with the result.
worried about نگران Are you worried about the exam?
disappointed with/about ناامید She was disappointed with her grade.

get vs be با صفات V3 ⚠️

get be
تغییر حال ← حالت جدید حالت ثابت
He got depressed. (افسرده شد) He is depressed. (افسرده است)
I got confused. (گیج شدم) I am confused. (گیج هستم)

مقایسه صفات V3 با صفات -ing ⚠️ (نکته مهم کنکور)

صفت V3 صفت -ing فرق
bored (خسته/کسل شده) boring (کسل‌کننده) V3 = احساس شخص / -ing = ویژگی چیز
interested (علاقه‌مند) interesting (جالب)
excited (هیجان‌زده) exciting (هیجان‌انگیز)
amused (سرگرم‌شده) amusing (سرگرم‌کننده)
surprised (متعجب) surprising (متعجب‌کننده)
confused (گیج) confusing (گیج‌کننده)
frightened (ترسیده) frightening (ترسناک)
depressed (افسرده) depressing (افسرده‌کننده)

قانون طلایی:

  • V3 (-ed) = احساس شخص (person feels)
  • -ing = ویژگی چیز یا موقعیت (thing/situation is)

مثال:

  • The movie is boring. (فیلم خسته‌کننده است — ویژگی فیلم)
  • I am bored. (من خسته‌ام — احساس من)
  • The news is surprising. (خبر تعجب‌آور است)
  • I am surprised at the news. (من متعجبم)

بخش نهم: گرامر — Infinitives (مصدر با to)

تعریف

Infinitive = to + base verb

to+V1Infinitiveto + \text{V1} \rightarrow \text{Infinitive}
  • study → to study
  • buy → to buy
  • learn → to learn

مقایسه Gerund و Infinitive به عنوان فاعل

Infinitive (formal) Gerund (طبیعی‌تر)
To smoke is very bad. Smoking is very bad. ✓
To learn a language can be interesting. Learning a language can be interesting. ✓

⚠️ هر دو درست هستند اما Gerund در زبان روزمره طبیعی‌تر است.


Infinitive به عنوان مفعول

Subject + Verb+to + V1infinitive (مفعول)\text{Subject + Verb} + \underbrace{\text{to + V1}}_{\text{infinitive (مفعول)}}
  • I like to watch this movie.
  • She wanted to buy an Iranian handicraft.
  • Hamed wants to learn a language.

Infinitive به عنوان قید هدف (Purpose)

جمله اصلی+to + V1هدف/غرض\text{جمله اصلی} + \underbrace{\text{to + V1}}_{\text{هدف/غرض}}

معنی: برای اینکه، به منظور

  • I went home to leave after school.
  • Mahboobeh bought some flowers to give her mother. (برای اینکه به مادرش بدهد)
  • I ran fast to catch the bus. (برای اینکه به اتوبوس برسم)
  • She became happy to see her classmate. (از اینکه دوستش را دید)

⚠️ in order to = to (هر دو یعنی "برای اینکه"):

  • I studied hard in order to pass the exam. = I studied hard to pass the exam.

افعالی که بعدشان Infinitive می‌آید ⚠️ (کنکوری)

فعل مثال
want I want to become a doctor.
decide She decided to study art.
choose He chose to stay home.
expect I expect to pass the exam.
promise He promised to be on time.
try She tries to exercise daily.
attempt He attempted to run faster.
remember Remember to turn off the lights.
forget I forgot to call you.
agree They agreed to help us.
wait I can't wait to see you.
learn She learned to swim.
hope I hope to travel abroad.
plan We plan to visit Isfahan.
refuse He refused to eat junk food.

صفات + Infinitive

be+adjectiveصفت+to + V1infinitive\text{be} + \underbrace{\text{adjective}}_{\text{صفت}} + \underbrace{\text{to + V1}}_{\text{infinitive}}
  • She became happy to see her classmate.
  • Ali was really sad to leave us.
  • I was shocked to hear the news.
  • He was lucky to find a good job.
  • She is careful to lock the door.

لیست صفات + Infinitive

صفت مثال
happy/glad I'm happy to help you.
sad/sorry I'm sorry to hear that.
lucky/fortunate She's lucky to have a good family.
surprised/amazed I was surprised to see him there.
shocked She was shocked to learn the truth.
careful Be careful not to wake the baby.
ashamed He was ashamed to admit his mistake.
certain I'm certain to pass.

Infinitive منفی

not+to+V1\text{not} + \text{to} + \text{V1}
  • I told the children not to make so much noise.
  • My dad tries not to forget the phone numbers.
  • Remember not to be late.
  • She decided not to go to the party.

حل تمرین A (Gerund یا Infinitive)

جمله جواب نوع دلیل
I went home after... leaving school. leaving Gerund بعد از after (حرف اضافه)
I have decided to learn Spanish. to learn Infinitive بعد از decide
We can't learn English without making mistakes. making Gerund بعد از without (حرف اضافه)
Mahboobeh bought flowers to give her mother. to give Infinitive هدف (purpose)
Remember to turn off the lights. to turn off Infinitive بعد از remember
I ran fast to catch the bus. to catch Infinitive هدف (purpose)

مقایسه جامع Gerund vs Infinitive ⚠️

Gerund (V+ing) Infinitive (to+V)
فاعل ✓ Swimming is fun. ✓ To swim is fun. (رسمی)
مفعول بعد از فعل enjoy, finish, give up, quit want, decide, hope, promise
بعد از حرف اضافه ✓ good at swimming
بیان هدف ✓ I study to learn.
بعد از صفت ✓ happy to see
بعد از go ✓ go swimming

افعالی که هم Gerund هم Infinitive می‌گیرند:

  • like, love, hate, start, begin, continue
  • I like swimming. = I like to swim. (هر دو ✓)

افعالی که معنی عوض می‌شود:

فعل + Gerund + Infinitive
remember یادش می‌آید که قبلاً... یادش می‌ماند که...
remember I remember locking the door. (یادم می‌آید که قفل کردم) Remember to lock the door. (یادت باشد قفل کنی)
try امتحان کردن (آزمایشی) تلاش کردن (سخت)
try Try eating less sugar. I tried to stop smoking.
stop متوقف کردن عمل توقف برای هدف
stop He stopped smoking. (سیگار را ترک کرد) He stopped to smoke. (ایستاد تا سیگار بکشد)

Gerund و Infinitive در متن — یافتن آن‌ها (تمرین C)

Gerunds در متن:

  • using our hands (para 2)
  • making decorative items (para 2)
  • Making and selling handicrafts (para 2)
  • reflecting moral and social values (para 4)
  • producing unique artworks (para 5)

Infinitives در متن:

  • to know a country well (para 1)
  • to help a country's economy (para 2)
  • to introduce its culture (para 2)
  • to name countries (para 4)

بخش دهم: Intonation in Conditional Sentences

قانون کلی

در جملات شرطی:

  • if-clause: اگر اول بیاید ← rising intonation ↗ (صدا بالا می‌رود)
  • main clause: → falling intonation ↘ (صدا پایین می‌رود)

مثال:

If it rains rising, we will stay home. falling\underbrace{\text{If it rains}}_{\nearrow \text{ rising}} \underbrace{\text{, we will stay home.}}_{\searrow \text{ falling}}

اگر main clause اول بیاید:

  • We will stay home ↘ if it rains ↗
  • کل جمله معمولاً با falling تمام می‌شود

بخش یازدهم: متن Listening/Reading — Art and Wellness

محتوای متن

نقش هنر در سلامتی:

  • Art can improve people's physical, mental, and emotional wellness.
  • If people use their art skills in a right way, they will be able to communicate their feelings.
  • Art can help people have better relationships.
  • The power of art decreases the risk of many illnesses such as heart attack.
  • If people practice art, they will get along with their stress.

عبارات مهم متن

get along with = کنار آمدن با:

  • If you practice art, you will get along with your stress.

be able to = توانستن:

  • They will be able to communicate their feelings.
  • مترادف: can (ولی can با will نمی‌آید ← از will be able to استفاده می‌شود)

wellness = تندرستی/سلامت کلی:

  • شامل: physical + mental + emotional

Conditional Sentences در متن

  1. If people use their art skills in a right way, they will be able to communicate their feelings.
  2. If people practice art, they will get along with their stress.

Reference Words

کلمه مرجع
their (line 2) people
its (last line) art / the power of art

بخش دوازدهم: نکات فراتر از کتاب

۱) Conditional Sentences — انواع دیگر (فراتر از کتاب)

نوع ساختار کاربرد مثال
Type 0 If + present, present حقیقت همیشگی If you heat water to 100°C, it boils.
Type 1 If + present, will آینده ممکن If it rains, I will stay home. ✓ (کتاب)
Type 2 If + past, would فرضی در حال If I had money, I would buy it.
Type 3 If + past perfect, would have فرضی در گذشته If I had studied, I would have passed.

⚠️ برای کنکور پایه یازدهم فقط Type 1 لازم است.


۲) Compound Adjectives (صفات مرکب)

از متن:

  • five-thousand-year-old history
  • hand-made products
  • hard-working people

قانون: صفت مرکب قبل از اسم با خط تیره (-) می‌آید:

  • a hard-working craftsman ✓
  • a hand-made carpet ✓
  • a five-thousand-year-old history ✓

اما اگر بعد از اسم باشد:

  • The craftsman is hard working. ✓ (بدون خط تیره)

۳) Collocations مهم درس

Collocation معنی
make art هنر آفریدن
reflect values ارزش‌ها را بازتاب دادن
appreciate art هنر را ارزش گذاشتن
introduce culture فرهنگ را معرفی کردن
get a discount تخفیف گرفتن
depend on + noun به چیزی بستگی داشتن
take a souvenir سوغاتی بردن
increase brain activity فعالیت مغز را افزایش دادن
communicate feelings احساسات را بیان کردن
get along with stress با استرس کنار آمدن

۴) کلمات هم‌خانواده (Word Family)

اسم فعل صفت قید
creation create creative creatively
imagination imagine imaginative imaginatively
decoration decorate decorative decoratively
appreciation appreciate appreciative appreciatively
reflection reflect reflective reflectively
diversity diversify diverse diversely
skill skillful skillfully
value value valuable
identity identify identical identically

۵) Talking About Art (اصطلاحات مفید)

اصطلاح معنی
art gallery گالری هنری
art exhibition نمایشگاه هنری
work of art اثر هنری
masterpiece شاهکار
make/create an artwork اثر هنری خلق کردن
be impressed by تحت تأثیر قرار گرفتن
How touching! چه تأثیرگذار!
How beautiful! چه زیبا!
That's amazing! خارق‌العاده است!

جمع‌بندی نهایی ✅

۱. واژگان کلیدی

کلمه معنی نکته
reflect نشان دادن = show
appreciate ارزش گذاشتن بدون حرف اضافه
unique منحصربه‌فرد very unique ← غلط
custom رسم اجتماعی ≠ habit (عادت شخصی)
vast پهناور = huge, enormous
craftsman/woman صنعتگر جمع: craftsmen/women

۲. Conditional Sentences Type 1

If + Simple Presentwill + base verb\boxed{\text{If + Simple Present} \rightarrow \text{will + base verb}}
⚠️ اشتباه ✓ درست
If you will study If you study
If it will rain If it rains
If I will have time If I have time
  • بند if → Simple Present
  • بند نتیجه ← will / can / may + base verb
  • if-clause اول ← کاما لازم است
  • main clause اول ← کاما لازم نیست

۳. Infinitives (to + V1)

کاربرد مثال
مفعول (بعد از فعل) want to buy, decide to go
هدف ran to catch the bus
بعد از صفت happy to see, sorry to hear
فاعل (رسمی) To learn is fun
منفی not to make noise

۴. Past Participles (صفات V3)

be/get + V3 + حرف اضافه\text{be/get + V3 + حرف اضافه}
مهم‌ترین‌ها حرف اضافه
interested in
bored with
tired of
excited about
surprised at/by
worried about

قانون -ed vs -ing:

  • -ed = احساس شخصI'm bored.
  • -ing = ویژگی چیزThe class is boring.

۵. Reference Words

ضمیر جنس/تعداد مرجع
it / its مفرد
they / them / their جمع
this / that مفرد (اشاره)
these / those جمع (اشاره)

۶. Antonyms مهم

کلمه متضاد
start ↔ finish decrease ↔ increase
rise ↔ fall buy ↔ sell
cheap ↔ expensive famous ↔ unknown
beautiful ↔ ugly unique ↔ common

۷. نکات طلایی کنکور

  1. بعد از if در Type 1 → Simple Present (نه will)
  2. get bored ≠ be boring (احساس vs ویژگی)
  3. بعد از حرف اضافه ← فقط Gerund (نه infinitive)
  4. in order to = to (هدف)
  5. not to + V1 برای infinitive منفی
  6. when هم مثل if در بند شرط ← Simple Present می‌گیرد
  7. صفات مرکب قبل از اسم ← با خط تیره
  8. appreciate بدون حرف اضافه است (نه appreciate for)
  9. very unique ← غلط است
  10. custom (رسم جمعی) ≠ habit (عادت فردی)

"Art is what people create with imagination and skill."
هنر چیزی است که انسان‌ها با تخیل و مهارت می‌آفرینند.

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