Change to the passive: “People respect older family members.”

پاسخ کامل: Older family members are respected. مفعولِ معلوم به جایِ فاعل میآید و حالِ سادهٔ مجهول با are + V3 ساخته میشود. کجا بخوانم: «### 1) Simple Present» نکته مهم: فعلِ be با فاعلِ تازه هماهنگ میشود.

Complete the passive: “The family photo (take) last year.”

پاسخ کامل: The family photo was taken last year. زمانِ گذشته با was و شکلِ سومِ take یعنی taken ساخته میشود. کجا بخوانم: «### 2) اگر جمله فعل کمکی ندارد (Simple Present/Past)» نکته مهم: V3 فعلِ take برابر taken است، نه taked.

Add a tag question: “Your grandparents live nearby, ?”

پاسخ کامل: Your grandparents live nearby, don’t they? جمله مثبت و حالِ ساده است؛ tag منفی با do و ضمیرِ they میآید. کجا بخوانم: «## قواعد Tag Questions» نکته مهم: اسمِ جمع در tag با they جایگزین میشود.

احترام به سالمندان و هم‌آیندها (زبان ۳)

بخش اول: واژگان کلیدی (Vocabulary)

جدول کامل واژگان

کلمه	نوع	معنی فارسی	مثال
respect	v, n	احترام کردن، احترام	Children should respect their parents.
take care of	phrasal v	مراقبت کردن از	We have to take care of elderly people.
elderly	adj	سالخورده، مسن	My elderly grandmother is 85 years old.
donate	v	اهدا کردن	We can donate money to charity.
physician	n	پزشک	Dr. Gharib was a famous physician.
homeland	n	وطن، میهن	He returned to his homeland after studying abroad.
generous	adj	سخاوتمند، بخشنده	Dr. Gharib was a generous man.
spare no pains	idiom	دریغ نکردن، کوشش کردن	He spared no pains to cure sick children.
cure	v, n	درمان کردن، درمان	Doctors try to cure diseases.
dedicated	adj	فداکار، متعهد	He was a dedicated physician.
regard (as)	v	به‌عنوان... دانستن	He was regarded as a great teacher.
distinguished	adj	برجسته، ممتاز	He was a distinguished professor.
found	v	بنیان گذاشتن	This center was founded in 1347.
hard of hearing	idiom	کم‌شنوا	My grandmother is hard of hearing.
hug	v, n	بغل کردن، آغوش	She hugged her son lovingly.
lap	n	دامان	The child sat on his mother's lap.
burst into tears	idiom	ناگهان گریستن	She burst into tears when she heard the news.
repeatedly	adv	به دفعات، مکرراً	He asked the question repeatedly.
forgive	v	بخشیدن	Please forgive me for my mistake.
calmly	adv	آرام، با خونسردی	She spoke calmly to the child.
diary	n	دفترچه خاطرات	I write in my diary every night.
shout (at)	v	فریاد زدن (بر سر)	Don't shout at me!
feed	v	غذا دادن	My grandfather feeds the pigeons.

صفات مثبت و منفی (Positive & Negative Adjectives)

صفت مثبت ✓	معنی	صفت منفی ✗	معنی
polite	مؤدب	impolite/rude	بی‌ادب
kind	مهربان	cruel	بی‌رحم
loving	محبت‌آمیز	hateful	نفرت‌انگیز
careful	مراقب، دقیق	careless	بی‌دقت
generous	سخاوتمند	stingy	خسیس
dedicated	فداکار	selfish	خودخواه
helpful	کمک‌کننده	unhelpful	بی‌کمک
patient	صبور	impatient	بی‌صبر
friendly	دوستانه	unfriendly	غیردوستانه
honest	صادق	dishonest	نادرست
responsible	مسئول	irresponsible	بی‌مسئولیت
active	فعال	lazy	تنبل

نکات واژگانی کنکوری

1) regard (as) — دو کاربرد مهم

الف) به معنی "دانستن به‌عنوان":

\text{be regarded as} = \text{be considered as}

He was regarded as a dedicated physician. (او پزشکی فداکار دانسته می‌شد)
Hafez is regarded as one of the greatest Persian poets.

Passive voice: be + regarded + as
مترادف کنکوری: be considered (as), be known as

ب) به معنی "توجه کردن، احترام گذاشتن":

We should regard our parents. (باید به والدین احترام بگذاریم)

2) spare no pains = دریغ نکردن، تلاش کردن

Dr. Gharib spared no pains to cure sick children.
مترادف: try hard, make every effort, do one's best

pains در اینجا به معنی "زحمت" است نه "درد"

3) hard of hearing ≠ hearing problem

اصطلاح	معنی
hard of hearing	کم‌شنوا (idiom ثابت)
hearing problem	مشکل شنوایی

hard of hearing یک اصطلاح ثابت است:

My grandmother is hard of hearing. ✓
~~My grandmother is difficult of hearing.~~ ✗

4) burst into tears = ناگهان گریستن

\text{burst into} + \text{اسم} = \text{ناگهان شروع به...}

burst into tears = ناگهان گریستن
burst into laughter = ناگهان خندیدن
burst into flames = ناگهان شعله‌ور شدن

burst فعل بی‌قاعده است:

\text{burst} - \text{burst} - \text{burst}

5) تفاوت feed و eat

فعل	معنی	کاربرد
feed	غذا دادن (به دیگری)	He feeds the pigeons.
eat	خوردن (خود)	I eat breakfast every day.

6) homeland vs hometown

کلمه	معنی	مثال
homeland	وطن، کشور	He returned to his homeland.
hometown	شهر زادگاه	Shiraz is my hometown.

کلمات هم‌خانواده (Word Families)

اسم	فعل	صفت	قید
respect	respect	respectful	respectfully
generosity	—	generous	generously
dedication	dedicate	dedicated	—
care	care	careful / caring	carefully
kindness	—	kind	kindly
politeness	—	polite	politely
forgiveness	forgive	forgiving	—
anger	anger	angry	angrily
calmness	calm	calm	calmly
repetition	repeat	repeated	repeatedly

بخش دوم: Collocations (هم‌آیندها)

تعریف Collocations

Collocation = ترکیب طبیعی دو یا چند کلمه که به‌طور معمول کنار هم استفاده می‌شوند.

برخی ترکیبات برای گویشوران زبان طبیعی هستند و برخی غیرطبیعی.

مثال‌های صحیح و غلط:

✓ صحیح	✗ غلط	دلیل
fast food	~~quick food~~	ترکیب طبیعی fast + food
strong wind	~~heavy wind~~	ترکیب طبیعی strong + wind
heavy rain	~~strong rain~~	ترکیب طبیعی heavy + rain
make a mistake	~~do a mistake~~	فعل صحیح make + mistake
do exercise	~~make exercise~~	فعل صحیح do + exercise

Collocations مهم درس 1

Collocation	معنی	مثال
take temperature	تب سنجی کردن	The nurse is taking her temperature.
read a newspaper	روزنامه خواندن	Her son was reading a newspaper.
sit on the sofa	روی مبل نشستن	The old woman was sitting on the sofa.
go abroad	به خارج رفتن	He went abroad to study medicine.
come back	برگشتن	He came back to his homeland.
spare no pains	دریغ نکردن	He spared no pains to cure children.
burst into tears	ناگهان گریستن	The son burst into tears.
by the way	راستی، ضمناً	By the way, your doctor was his student.
feel angry	عصبانی شدن	I didn't feel angry at all.
not surprisingly	جای تعجب نیست	Not surprisingly, he was a great man.

Collocations با افعال مختلف

make vs do

make	do
make a mistake	do exercise
make a decision	do homework
make progress	do research
make a plan	do one's best
make money	do the dishes
make a promise	do a favor

take collocations

Collocation	معنی
take care of	مراقبت کردن
take temperature	تب سنجی کردن
take medicine	دارو خوردن
take a rest	استراحت کردن
take a photo	عکس گرفتن
take a shower	دوش گرفتن
take time	وقت بردن

حروف اضافه در Collocations

Collocation	حرف اضافه صحیح	✗ غلط
sit on the sofa	on	at
shout at someone	at	to
hard of hearing	of	in
regard as	as	~~for~~
care for	for	~~about~~
by the way	by	in

بخش سوم: مهارت خواندن — Question Generation

تعریف

Question Generation = تولید سؤال از متن

این استراتژی به دانش‌آموزان کمک می‌کند تا:

نکات مهم متن را شناسایی کنند
درک مطلب را بهبود دهند
خودشان سؤال بسازند (نه فقط جواب دهند)

مراحل Question Generation

\boxed{1. \text{Read} \rightarrow 2. \text{Find main ideas} \rightarrow 3. \text{Make questions} \rightarrow 4. \text{Answer}}

کلمات پرسشی رایج + نوع پاسخ

کلمه پرسشی	نوع پاسخ	مثال سؤال	مثال جواب
Who	شخص	Who was Dr. Gharib?	He was a famous physician.
What	چیز/فرآیند	What did he do?	He cured sick children.
Where	مکان	Where was he born?	In Tehran.
When	زمان	When was he born?	In 1288.
Why	دلیل	Why was he famous?	Because he helped poor families.
How	چگونگی/مقدار	How did he help?	By curing children for free.

سؤالات نمونه از متن Conversation

سؤال	جواب
Who was Dr. Gharib?	He was a famous physician.
When was Dr. Gharib born?	He was born in 1288.
Where did he study medicine?	He studied medicine abroad.
Why was Dr. Gharib regarded as a dedicated physician?	Because he spared no pains to cure sick children and was very friendly to poor families.
What did Dr. Gharib write?	He wrote the first Persian textbook on children's diseases.
How many students did he teach?	He taught medicine to thousands of students.

سؤالات نمونه از متن Reading

سؤال	جواب (از متن)
Who asked "What is this?"	The old mother asked.
What was sitting on the window?	A pigeon was sitting on the window.
How many times did the mother ask?	She asked three times.
Why did the son shout at his mother?	Because she kept asking the same question.
What did the mother bring from her room?	She brought an old diary.
How many times did the child ask about the pigeon when he was young?	He asked 15 times.
Why did the son burst into tears?	Because he realized his mother's patience and love.

نکته کنکوری

در سؤالات reference words (تمرین C)، باید مرجع ضمیرها را پیدا کنید:

ضمیر	مرجع در متن	پاراگراف
her (para 1, line 2)	the old woman / the mother	1
his (para 2, line 5)	the son	2
you (para 3, line 2)	the son	3
me (para 4, line 5)	the son	4
them (para 5, line 6)	parents	5

قانون: به جملات قبل از ضمیر نگاه کنید و اسمی را که با ضمیر هماهنگ است پیدا کنید.

بخش چهارم: گرامر — Passive Voice

تعریف

Passive Voice = مجهول (تمرکز بر مفعول به‌جای فاعل)

\underbrace{\text{Subject}}_{\text{do-er}} + \text{Verb} + \underbrace{\text{Object}}_{\text{receiver}} \xrightarrow{\text{Passive}} \underbrace{\text{Object}}_{\text{new subject}} + \text{be} + \text{V3} + (\text{by} + \text{do-er})

ساختار Passive در زمان‌های مختلف

زمان	Active	Passive
Simple Present	She makes pancakes.	Pancakes are made every morning.
Simple Past	Ali broke the window.	The window was broken yesterday.
Present Perfect	They have fixed the cars.	The cars have been fixed.
Simple Past	Fleming discovered penicillin.	Penicillin was discovered by Fleming.
Simple Present	Scientists find solutions.	Solutions are found by scientists.
Present Perfect	Doctors have made a medicine.	A medicine has been made by doctors.

فرمول کلی Passive

\boxed{\text{Object} + \underbrace{\text{be}}_{\text{زمان مناسب}} + \text{V3} + (\text{by} + \text{agent})}

زمان	فرمول be
Simple Present	am/is/are + V3
Simple Past	was/were + V3
Present Perfect	has/have been + V3
Past Perfect	had been + V3
Future	will be + V3
Modal (can/must/should)	modal + be + V3

مثال‌های کامل

1) Simple Present

Active	Passive
People speak English all over the world.	English is spoken all over the world.
My mother cooks dinner every night.	Dinner is cooked every night.

2) Simple Past

Active	Passive
Shakespeare wrote Hamlet.	Hamlet was written by Shakespeare.
They built this mosque in 1350.	This mosque was built in 1350.

3) Present Perfect

Active	Passive
Someone has stolen my bike.	My bike has been stolen.
They have finished the work.	The work has been finished.

4) Future

Active	Passive
They will open a new hospital.	A new hospital will be opened.
Scientists will find a cure.	A cure will be found by scientists.

5) Modals (can, must, should)

Active	Passive
We can solve this problem.	This problem can be solved.
You must do your homework.	Your homework must be done.
They should respect teachers.	Teachers should be respected.

استفاده از by برای ذکر فاعل

\text{be} + \text{V3} + \underbrace{\text{by} + \text{agent}}_{\text{فاعل (اختیاری)}}

زمانی که فاعل مهم است:

Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming.
The Shahnameh was written by Ferdowsi.

زمانی که فاعل مهم نیست یا مشخص نیست:

My bike was stolen. (نمی‌دانیم چه کسی دزدیده)
This mosque was built in 1350. (مهم نیست چه کسی ساخته)

نکته کنکوری: اگر فاعل people, someone, they باشد، معمولاً در Passive ذکر نمی‌شود:

~~English is spoken by people all over the world.~~ ✗
English is spoken all over the world. ✓

Passive Voice در متن Conversation

جملات Passive از متن:

This center was founded by Dr. Gharib and one of his close friends. (Simple Past Passive)
He was regarded as a dedicated physician. (Simple Past Passive)
The first Persian textbook on children's diseases was written by him. (Simple Past Passive)
Not surprisingly, he was regarded as a dedicated physician. (Simple Past Passive)

تمرین تبدیل Active به Passive

Active	Passive
Dr. Gharib founded this center.	This center was founded by Dr. Gharib.
Dr. Gharib wrote the first textbook.	The first textbook was written by Dr. Gharib.
People regard him as a great man.	He is regarded as a great man.
Many students respect him.	He is respected by many students.

حل تمرین E (Passive در متن)

متن:
Many products (are developed) each year. Light bulb, camera, airplane, and telephone (were invented) by scientists and inventors. Laptops, smartphones, and tablets (were made) by lots of work. But not all products (are developed) by hard work. Some inventions (were created) by accident or scientists' mistakes. Penicillin, for instance, (was discovered) quite accidentally when Alexander Fleming (was working) on bacteria. Microwave oven also (was invented) during a scientist's experiment on energy. More interestingly, some tools and technologies (are not made) by scientists at all. Some like dishwashers and computer games (were made) by ordinary people like workers, housewives and school students.

جمله	انتخاب صحیح	دلیل
Many products... each year.	are developed	Simple Present Passive
Light bulb... by scientists.	were invented	Simple Past Passive
Laptops... by lots of work.	were made	Simple Past Passive
But not all products... by hard work.	are developed	Simple Present Passive
Some inventions... by accident.	were created	Simple Past Passive
Penicillin... quite accidentally.	was discovered	Simple Past Passive
Alexander Fleming... on bacteria.	was working	Past Continuous Active
Microwave oven... during experiment.	was invented	Simple Past Passive
Some tools... by scientists at all.	are not made	Simple Present Passive (negative)
Some... by ordinary people.	were made	Simple Past Passive

اشتباهات رایج Passive

✗ غلط	✓ درست	توضیح
The window broke yesterday.	The window was broken yesterday.	Passive نیاز به be + V3 دارد
English speaks in America.	English is spoken in America.	فعل باید Passive باشد
This book written by Hafez.	This book was written by Hafez.	فعل be نباید حذف شود
The cars have fixed.	The cars have been fixed.	Present Perfect Passive = have been + V3

بخش پنجم: گرامر — Tag Questions

تعریف

Tag Question = سؤال‌کوتاه انتهای جمله (برای تأیید یا ابراز تردید)

\text{Statement} + \text{,} + \underbrace{\text{tag question}}_{\text{?}}

ساختار کلی

جمله اصلی	Tag Question	مثال
مثبت	منفی	Mina is happy, isn't she?
منفی	مثبت	George wasn't hungry, was he?

قانون طلایی:

\boxed{\text{جمله مثبت} \rightarrow \text{tag منفی} \quad | \quad \text{جمله منفی} \rightarrow \text{tag مثبت}}

مثال‌های کامل

جمله	Tag Question	دلیل
Mina is happy	, isn't she?	is → isn't
He's writing an email	, isn't he?	is → isn't
George wasn't hungry	, was he?	wasn't → was
The girls were weaving a carpet	, weren't they?	were → weren't
They are going to Hamedan	, aren't they?	are → aren't
His father won't buy a new car	, will he?	won't → will
The boys have broken the window	, haven't they?	have → haven't
Your sister has passed the exam	, hasn't she?	has → hasn't

قواعد Tag Questions

1) فعل کمکی (Auxiliary Verb) را در tag تکرار کنید

فعل در جمله	tag
is / am / are	isn't / aren't
was / were	wasn't / weren't
have / has	haven't / hasn't
had	hadn't
will	won't
can	can't
should	shouldn't
must	mustn't

2) اگر جمله فعل کمکی ندارد (Simple Present/Past)

جمله	Tag Question	دلیل
She likes coffee	, doesn't she?	از do/does استفاده کنید
They played football	, didn't they?	از did استفاده کنید
He works here	, doesn't he?	does → doesn't
You know him	, don't you?	do → don't

Simple Present/Past: در tag از do/does/did استفاده کنید

3) ضمیر مناسب را در tag بیاورید

جمله	Tag	ضمیر
Mina is happy	isn't she?	she
The boys have broken	haven't they?	they
His father won't buy	will he?	he
Your sister has passed	hasn't she?	she

Tag Questions با Let's

\text{Let's} + \text{verb} \rightarrow \text{shall we?}

Let's go to the park, shall we?**
Let's study together, shall we?**

Tag Questions با جملات امری

\text{Imperative} \rightarrow \text{will you?}

Close the door, will you?**
Don't be late, will you?** (منفی امری)

کاربرد Tag Questions

1) Eliciting Agreement (تأیید گرفتن)

زمانی که شما مطمئن هستید و می‌خواهید طرف مقابل تأیید کند:

He's really generous, isn't he?** (او واقعاً سخاوتمنده، نه؟)
They are going to leave, aren't they?** (آن‌ها قرار است بروند، نه؟)

لحن: Falling intonation ↘ (صدا پایین می‌آید)

2) Signaling Uncertainty (ابراز تردید)

زمانی که شما مطمئن نیستید و می‌خواهید بپرسید:

This cannot be true, can it?** (این نمی‌تواند درست باشد، می‌تواند؟)
He isn't sick, is he?** (او بیمار نیست، هست؟)

لحن: Rising intonation ↗ (صدا بالا می‌رود)

مثال مکالمه از کتاب

Conversation 1:

Sam has not come to work. I've heard he's sick**, isn't he?** ↗
Oh, yes. He was not well yesterday.
What's wrong with him?
The doctors are checking his health condition.
It isn't something serious**, is it?** ↗
I hope not.

تمرین Tag Questions

جمله	Tag Question
You are a student	, aren't you?
She doesn't like coffee	, does she?
They went to the park	, didn't they?
He can swim	, can't he?
We should study hard	, shouldn't we?
You won't tell anyone	, will you?
She has finished her work	, hasn't she?
Let's watch a movie	, shall we?
Close the window	, will you?

بخش ششم: گرامر — Compound Sentences

تعریف

Simple Sentence = یک فاعل + یک فعل

\text{I get up early in the morning.}

Compound Sentence = دو جمله ساده + حرف ربط (and, but, or, so)

\underbrace{\text{Sentence 1}}_{\text{S+V}} + \underbrace{\text{,}}_{\text{comma}} + \underbrace{\text{and/but/or/so}}_{\text{connector}} + \underbrace{\text{Sentence 2}}_{\text{S+V}}

حروف ربط (Coordinating Conjunctions)

\boxed{\text{FANBOYS}}

حرف ربط	معنی	کاربرد
F = For	زیرا	دلیل
A = And	و	اضافه کردن
N = Nor	نه... نه	منفی
B = But	اما	تضاد
O = Or	یا	انتخاب
Y = Yet	با این حال	تضاد ملایم
S = So	پس	نتیجه

1) and = اضافه کردن اطلاعات

\text{Sentence 1} + \text{, and} + \text{Sentence 2}

مثال‌ها:

I went to the store, and* I bought some milk.*
She is kind, and* she is helpful.*
Dr. Gharib was generous, and* he spared no pains to cure children.*

نکته: قبل از and کاما می‌گذاریم وقتی دو جمله کامل باشند.

2) but = تضاد

\text{Sentence 1} + \text{, but} + \text{Sentence 2}

مثال‌ها:

He is rich, but* he is not happy.*
I called her, but* she didn't answer.*
The exam was difficult, but* I passed it.*

3) or = انتخاب

\text{Sentence 1} + \text{, or} + \text{Sentence 2}

مثال‌ها:

We can go to the park, or* we can stay home.*
You must study hard, or* you will fail.*
Should I call him, or* should I send a message?*

4) so = نتیجه

\text{Sentence 1} + \text{, so} + \text{Sentence 2}

مثال‌ها:

It was raining, so* I stayed home.*
She was tired, so* she went to bed early.*
Dr. Gharib loved children, so* he founded a children's hospital.*

تفاوت so و because:

حرف ربط	ساختار	مثال
so	علت ,so معلول	It was cold, so I wore a coat.
because	معلول because علت	I wore a coat because it was cold.

5) yet = با این حال (تضاد ملایم)

\text{Sentence 1} + \text{, yet} + \text{Sentence 2}

مثال‌ها:

He is very old, yet* he is still active.*
She studied hard, yet* she failed the exam.*

yet شبیه but است اما رسمی‌تر است.

6) for = زیرا (دلیل) [رسمی]

\text{Sentence 1} + \text{, for} + \text{Sentence 2}

مثال‌ها:

He stayed home, for* he was sick.*
She must be tired, for* she has been working all day.*

for در زبان نوشتاری رسمی استفاده می‌شود و با because تفاوت دارد:

for همیشه وسط دو جمله است (نمی‌تواند اول بیاید)
because می‌تواند اول یا وسط بیاید

تمرین Compound Sentences

جملات زیر را با حرف ربط مناسب کامل کنید:

دو جمله ساده	حرف ربط	جمله مرکب
I was tired. I went to bed.	so	I was tired, so I went to bed.
She is smart. She is kind.	and	She is smart, and she is kind.
He studied hard. He failed.	but	He studied hard, but he failed.
We can walk. We can take a taxi.	or	We can walk, or we can take a taxi.
It was raining. We stayed inside.	so	It was raining, so we stayed inside.

نکات کنکوری Compound Sentences

1) کاما قبل از حرف ربط الزامی است

✓ صحیح	✗ غلط
I went home, and I ate dinner.	~~I went home and I ate dinner.~~
She is smart, but lazy.	(اینجا کاما لازم نیست چون lazy جمله نیست)

کاما فقط وقتی لازم است که دو جمله کامل (S+V) داشته باشیم.

2) تفاوت and در لیست و and در جمله مرکب

نوع	مثال	کاما
لیست	I bought apples, oranges, and bananas.	قبل از and آخر
Compound Sentence	I went to the store, and I bought milk.	قبل از and

3) حرف ربط نباید اول جمله بیاید

✗ غلط	✓ صحیح
~~And I went home.~~	I finished my work, and I went home.
~~But he didn't come.~~	I called him, but he didn't come.

در نوشتار رسمی، شروع جمله با And یا But غلط است.

بخش هفتم: خلاصه متن Reading

داستان: احترام به والدین

پاراگراف 1

An old woman was sitting on a sofa. Her son was reading a newspaper. A pigeon came and sat on the window. The mother asked, "What is this?" The son replied, "It is a pigeon, mother."

مادر پیر روی مبل نشسته
پسر روزنامه می‌خواند
کبوتر روی پنجره نشست
مادر پرسید: «این چیست؟»
پسر جواب داد: «کبوتره، مادر.»

پاراگراف 2

After a while, the woman asked again, "What is this?" The son said again, "Mother, I have just told you. It's a pigeon." After some time, the old mother asked for the third time, "What is this?" This time, the son shouted at his mother, "Why do you keep asking me the same question again and again? It is a pigeon. Can't you understand this?"

مادر دوباره پرسید: «این چیست؟»
پسر دوباره گفت: «مادر، الان بهتون گفتم. کبوتره.»
مادر بار سوم پرسید: «این چیست؟»
این بار پسر سر مادر فریاد زد: «چرا مدام همین سؤال رو می‌پرسی؟ کبوتره! نمی‌فهمی؟»

کلمات کلیدی:

again and again = بارها و بارها
keep asking = مدام پرسیدن
shout at = سر کسی فریاد زدن

پاراگراف 3

The old woman got up and went to her room. She came back with an old diary. She asked her son to read a page. The son started reading it. The page read:

مادر پیر بلند شد و به اتاقش رفت. با یک دفترچه خاطرات قدیمی برگشت. از پسرش خواست یک صفحه را بخواند. پسر شروع به خواندن کرد. در صفحه نوشته بود:

متن دفترچه:

"Today my little son, aged three, was sitting with me on the sofa. A pigeon came to the window. My son asked me 15 times what it was, and I replied to him all 15 times that it was a pigeon. I hugged him lovingly each time he asked me the same question. I did not feel angry at all; rather, I felt affection for my innocent child."

«امروز پسر کوچکم، سه ساله، کنار من روی مبل نشسته بود.»
«یه کبوتر اومد رو پنجره.»
«پسرم 15 بار پرسید این چیه، و من هر 15 بار جواب دادم کبوتره.»
«هر بار که می‌پرسید، محبت‌آمیز بغلش می‌کردم.»
«اصلاً عصبانی نشدم؛ برعکس، به بچه معصومم عشق می‌ورزیدم.»

کلمات کلیدی:

lovingly = با محبت
innocent = معصوم، بی‌گناه
affection = محبت، علاقه
rather = برعکس، بلکه

پاراگراف 4

After reading the diary, the son burst into tears. He was feeling sorry for what he had done. He said with tears in his eyes, "Please forgive me, mother. Now I realize how I behaved with you."

پس از خواندن دفترچه، پسر ناگهان گریه کرد.
از کاری که کرده بود پشیمان بود.
با اشک در چشم گفت: «مادر، لطفاً منو ببخش. الان فهمیدم چطور باهات رفتار کردم.»

کلمات کلیدی:

burst into tears = ناگهان گریستن
feel sorry = پشیمان بودن
forgive = بخشیدن
behave = رفتار کردن

پاراگراف 5 (پیام اخلاقی)

Your parents have cared for you from when you were born until you grew up. They have always kept you happy and they have sacrificed many things in their life for your sake. They have never been impatient with you. If they get old and cannot look after themselves, it is your turn to look after them. You should not shout at them or be impolite. Always be kind and show them respect.

پیام:

والدین از بدو تولد تا بزرگ‌شدن مراقبت کرده‌اند
همیشه تو را خوشحال نگه داشتند
چیزهای زیادی را فدای تو کردند
هرگز با تو بی‌صبر نشدند
اگر پیر شدند و نمی‌توانند از خودشان مراقبت کنند، نوبت تو است
نباید سرشان فریاد بزنی یا بی‌ادب باشی
همیشه مهربان باش و بهشون احترام بگذار

کلمات کلیدی:

care for = مراقبت کردن
sacrifice = فدا کردن
impatient = بی‌صبر
look after = مراقبت کردن
for your sake = به خاطر تو
it is your turn = نوبت تو است
show respect = احترام نشان دادن

پیام اصلی داستان

\boxed{\text{Respect your parents as they respected you when you were a child.}}

والدین وقتی ما کودک بودیم با صبر، محبت، و فداکاری بزرگمان کردند. حالا که آن‌ها پیر شده‌اند، وظیفه ماست که به آن‌ها احترام بگذاریم و با صبر و محبت مراقبشان باشیم.

بخش هشتم: Reference Words (ضمایر و مراجع)

تعریف

Reference Word = کلمه‌ای که به کلمه یا عبارت دیگری در متن اشاره می‌کند (معمولاً ضمیر)

\text{Noun} \rightarrow \underbrace{\text{he/she/it/they/him/her/them/his/their...}}_{\text{reference word}}

انواع Reference Words

نوع	مثال
Subject pronouns	I, you, he, she, it, we, they
Object pronouns	me, you, him, her, it, us, them
Possessive adjectives	my, your, his, her, its, our, their
Possessive pronouns	mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs
Reflexive pronouns	myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, themselves

چگونه مرجع ضمیر را پیدا کنیم؟

قانون طلایی:

\boxed{\text{به جملات **قبل** از ضمیر نگاه کنید}}

مراحل:

ضمیر را پیدا کنید (he, she, it, they, ...)
به جمله قبل نگاه کنید
اسمی را که با ضمیر هماهنگ است پیدا کنید
- he ← مرد، مذکر مفرد
- she ← زن، مؤنث مفرد
- it ← شیء، حیوان، مفرد
- they ← جمع (اشخاص یا اشیا)

مثال‌ها از متن Reading

ضمیر	جمله	مرجع	دلیل
her (para 1)	Her son was reading	the old woman	مالکیت ← her = مادر
his (para 2)	at his mother	the son	مالکیت ← his = پسر
it (para 2)	"What is it?"	the pigeon	ضمیر مفرد غیرانسانی
you (para 3)	I have just told you	the mother	مخاطب = مادر
me (para 3)	My son asked me	the mother (راوی)	مفعول = مادر
him (para 3)	I hugged him lovingly	my little son	مفعول = پسر
he (para 4)	He burst into tears	the son	فاعل = پسر
they (para 5)	If they get old	your parents	جمع = والدین
them (para 5)	look after them	your parents	مفعول = والدین

تمرین Reference Words

متن:

Dr. Gharib was a famous physician. He was born in Tehran in 1288. After receiving his diploma, he went abroad to study medicine. In 1316, he became a physician and returned to his homeland. In 1347, he and one of his close friends founded this center. Dr. Gharib was very generous. He spared no pains to cure sick children. He was very friendly and helpful to poor families. Not surprisingly, he was regarded as a dedicated physician.

ضمیر	مرجع
He (جمله 2)	Dr. Gharib
he (جمله 3)	Dr. Gharib
he (جمله 4)	Dr. Gharib
his (جمله 4)	Dr. Gharib
he (جمله 5)	Dr. Gharib
his (جمله 5)	Dr. Gharib
He (جمله 6)	Dr. Gharib
He (جمله 7)	Dr. Gharib
He (جمله 8)	Dr. Gharib
he (جمله 9)	Dr. Gharib

بخش نهم: Skimming & Scanning

تعریف

Skimming = خواندن سریع برای فهم کلی

هدف: گرفتن ایده اصلی متن

چگونه:

عنوان را بخوانید
جمله اول و آخر هر پاراگراف را بخوانید
کلمات کلیدی را ببینید
به تصاویر/نمودار نگاه کنید

Scanning = خواندن هدفمند برای یافتن اطلاعات خاص

هدف: پیدا کردن یک اطلاعات خاص (عدد، نام، تاریخ)

چگونه:

بدانید چه چیزی می‌خواهید
چشم‌تان را روی متن بگردانید
وقتی کلمه کلیدی را دیدید، بایستید و بخوانید

مثال Scanning از متن Conversation

سؤال: When was Dr. Gharib born?

پاسخ: ابتدا عدد (تاریخ) را در متن پیدا کنید:

He was born in 1288.

سؤال: When did he become a physician?

پاسخ:

In 1316, he became a physician.

سؤال: When was this center founded?

پاسخ:

In 1347, he and one of his close friends founded this center.

مثال Skimming از متن Reading

سؤال: What is the main idea of the text?

پاسخ: (با خواندن سریع پاراگراف اول و آخر)

The text is about respecting parents and being patient with them when they are old.

بخش دهم: مطالب فراتر از کتاب

1) Compound Adjectives (صفات مرکب)

تعریف: صفت ساخته‌شده از دو یا چند کلمه که با hyphen (-) به هم متصل شده‌اند.

\text{Word 1} + \text{-} + \text{Word 2} = \text{Compound Adjective}

مثال‌ها:

Compound Adjective	معنی	مثال
three-year-old	سه ساله	My three-year-old son
well-known	مشهور	A well-known physician
hard-working	سخت‌کوش	He is a hard-working student.
five-thousand-year-old	پنج هزار ساله	Iran's five-thousand-year-old history
long-lasting	بلند مدت	A long-lasting effect
full-time	تمام‌وقت	A full-time job
part-time	پاره‌وقت	A part-time worker
English-speaking	انگلیسی‌زبان	An English-speaking country

نکته: وقتی صفت مرکب قبل از اسم می‌آید، با hyphen نوشته می‌شود:

A three-year-old boy ✓
~~A three year old boy~~ ✗

اما وقتی بعد از فعل می‌آید، hyphen لازم نیست:

The boy is three years old. ✓

2) More on Infinitives (کاربردهای بیشتر مصدر)

الف) Infinitive برای بیان هدف (Purpose)

\text{to} + \text{V1} = \text{in order to} + \text{V1}

مثال‌ها:

He went abroad to study medicine. (برای مطالعه)
She came here to help us. (برای کمک)
They founded this center to cure sick children. (برای درمان)

مترادف: in order to, so as to

ب) Infinitive بعد از too و enough

ساختار	مثال
too + adj + to + V1	He is too old to work. (خیلی پیره که کار کنه)
adj + enough + to + V1	He is strong enough to lift it. (به اندازه کافی قوی)
enough + noun + to + V1	I have enough time to finish it.

ج) Infinitive بعد از question words

\text{how/what/where/when/who} + \text{to} + \text{V1}

مثال‌ها:

I don't know how to solve this problem.
She doesn't know where to go.
Can you tell me what to do?

3) Phrasal Verbs مرتبط با خانواده

Phrasal Verb	معنی	مثال
look after	مراقبت کردن	You should look after your parents.
take care of	مراقبت کردن	I take care of my grandmother.
bring up	بزرگ کردن	She brought up three children.
grow up	بزرگ شدن	I grew up in Tehran.
get along with	کنار آمدن با	He gets along with his family.
burst into	ناگهان شروع کردن	She burst into tears.
calm down	آرام شدن	Please calm down.
shout at	فریاد زدن بر سر	Don't shout at me.
turn into	تبدیل شدن به	The boy turned into a man.

4) Expressions with way

Expression	معنی	مثال
by the way	راستی، ضمناً	By the way, where is he?
in the way	سر راه، مانع	You are in the way.
on the way	در مسیر	I met him on the way home.
all the way	تمام مسیر	I walked all the way to school.
no way	به هیچ وجه	No way! I don't believe you.

5) فرق do و make

این دو فعل اغلب اشتباه گرفته می‌شوند!

do = انجام دادن (کارها و فعالیت‌ها)

do homework
do exercise
do the dishes
do research
do business
do a favor
do your best

make = ساختن، تولید کردن (چیزهای جدید)

make a mistake
make a decision
make money
make a cake
make a plan
make progress
make a promise
make a phone call

نکته کنکوری: بعضی عبارات ثابت هستند:

~~do a mistake~~ ✗ → make a mistake ✓
~~make homework~~ ✗ → do homework ✓

6) Synonyms (هم‌معنی) مهم

کلمه	هم‌معنی
physician	doctor
regard (as)	consider (as)
dedicated	devoted, committed
generous	kind, giving
cure	heal, treat
found	establish, create
elderly	old, aged
homeland	native country, motherland
shout (at)	yell (at), scream (at)
forgive	pardon, excuse
repeatedly	again and again, over and over

7) Antonyms (متضاد) مهم

کلمه	متضاد
polite	impolite, rude
generous	stingy, selfish
patient	impatient
kind	cruel, unkind
old	young
friendly	unfriendly, hostile
helpful	unhelpful
calm	angry, nervous
innocent	guilty

8) Medical Words (واژگان پزشکی)

واژه	معنی
physician	پزشک
medicine	پزشکی، دارو
patient	بیمار
nurse	پرستار
cure	درمان کردن
disease	بیماری
flu	آنفولوانزا
temperature	تب
fever	تب
hospital	بیمارستان
clinic	درمانگاه
medical center	مرکز درمانی
blood pressure	فشار خون
diagnosis	تشخیص
treatment	درمان
prescription	نسخه
symptom	علامت

بخش یازدهم: جمع‌بندی کامل درس 1

واژگان کلیدی که باید بدانید

respect = احترام کردن
physician = پزشک
regard (as) = دانستن به‌عنوان
dedicated = فداکار
generous = سخاوتمند
spare no pains = دریغ نکردن
found = بنیان گذاشتن
homeland = وطن
hard of hearing = کم‌شنوا
burst into tears = ناگهان گریستن
forgive = بخشیدن
shout at = فریاد زدن بر سر
look after = مراقبت کردن
take care of = مراقبت کردن
elderly = سالخورده

گرامر اصلی درس

1) Passive Voice

\boxed{\text{Object} + \text{be} + \text{V3} + (\text{by} + \text{agent})}

مثال:

Active: Dr. Gharib founded this center.
Passive: This center was founded by Dr. Gharib.

نکات کنکوری:

Simple Present Passive: am/is/are + V3
Simple Past Passive: was/were + V3
Present Perfect Passive: has/have been + V3
فعل be نباید حذف شود
اگر فاعل people/someone/they باشد، در Passive ذکر نمی‌شود

2) Tag Questions

\boxed{\text{Positive statement} \rightarrow \text{Negative tag}}

\boxed{\text{Negative statement} \rightarrow \text{Positive tag}}

مثال‌ها:

He is a doctor, isn't he?** ✓
They weren't there, were they?** ✓
She likes coffee, doesn't she?** ✓

نکات کنکوری:

بعد از Let's → shall we?
بعد از Imperative → will you?
اگر جمله Simple Present/Past باشد ← از do/does/did استفاده کنید

3) Compound Sentences

$$\boxed{\text{Sentence 1} + \text{, and/but/or/so} + \text{

نمونه سؤال‌های تشریحی با پاسخ

۱. ساختار جملهٔ مجهول را توضیح دهید، جملهٔ «Dr. Gharib founded this center» را مجهول کنید و بگویید در چه حالتی عبارت «by + فاعل» را می‌آوریم.

در جملهٔ مجهول، مفعولِ جملهٔ معلوم به جایگاه فاعل می‌آید و فعل به شکل be به همراه قسمت سوم فعل درمی‌آید. زمانِ جمله در همان فعل be نشان داده می‌شود: am/is/are برای حال ساده، was/were برای گذشتهٔ ساده، has/have been برای حال کامل، will be برای آینده، و modal + be برای افعال وجهی.

مجهولِ جملهٔ خواسته‌شده چنین است: This center was founded by Dr. Gharib. نمونهٔ دیگری از همان گفت‌وگو: The first Persian textbook on children's diseases was written by him.

عبارت by تنها زمانی می‌آید که دانستنِ فاعل اهمیت داشته باشد، مانند Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming. اما اگر فاعل ناشناخته یا بی‌اهمیت باشد، یا کلی‌هایی مانند people و someone باشد، آن را حذف می‌کنیم: My bike was stolen. و English is spoken all over the world، نه «English is spoken by people all over the world». خطای پرتکرار هم حذفِ فعل be است؛ «This book written by Hafez» نادرست و This book was written by Hafez درست است.

۲. قاعدهٔ ساخت پرسش‌های کوتاه پایانی (Tag Questions) را شرح دهید و برای جمله‌های «She likes coffee» و «Let's watch a movie» پرسش کوتاه مناسب بنویسید.

قاعدهٔ اصلی وارونگی است: اگر جملهٔ اصلی مثبت باشد پرسش کوتاه منفی می‌شود و اگر منفی باشد پرسش کوتاه مثبت. در پرسش کوتاه همان فعل کمکیِ جمله تکرار می‌شود و فاعل به ضمیر مناسب تبدیل می‌گردد: Mina is happy, isn't she? و George wasn't hungry, was he? و The boys have broken the window, haven't they?

اگر جمله فعل کمکی نداشته باشد، یعنی در حال ساده یا گذشتهٔ ساده باشد، از do، does یا did کمک می‌گیریم. پس برای جملهٔ نخست می‌نویسیم: She likes coffee, doesn't she? و برای نمونهٔ گذشته: They played football, didn't they?

دو حالت ویژه هم هست: جمله‌ای که با Let's آغاز شود پرسش کوتاهِ shall we می‌گیرد، پس Let's watch a movie, shall we?؛ و جملهٔ امری با will you می‌آید: Close the window, will you? آهنگ صدا نیز معنا را تغییر می‌دهد؛ آهنگ افتان یعنی گوینده مطمئن است و تنها تأیید می‌خواهد، و آهنگ خیزان یعنی واقعاً تردید دارد.

۳. جملهٔ مرکب (Compound Sentence) چیست و حروف ربط «and، but، or، so» چه نقشی دارند؟ تفاوت «so» و «because» را نیز روشن کنید.

جملهٔ ساده یک فاعل و یک فعل اصلی دارد، اما جملهٔ مرکب از دو جملهٔ کاملِ مستقل ساخته می‌شود که با یکی از حروف ربط هم‌پایه به هم می‌پیوندند. وقتی دو جملهٔ کامل داشته باشیم، پیش از حرف ربط کاما می‌گذاریم.

and برای افزودن: She is kind, and she is helpful.
but برای تضاد: He studied hard, but he failed.
or برای انتخاب: We can walk, or we can take a taxi.
so برای نتیجه: It was raining, so I stayed home.

تفاوت so و because در ترتیب علت و معلول است. پس از so معلول می‌آید و پیش از آن علت: It was cold, so I wore a coat. اما پس از because علت می‌آید: I wore a coat because it was cold. پس این دو را نباید در یک جمله با هم به کار برد. یادآوری دیگر اینکه کاما تنها هنگامی لازم است که هر دو سویِ حرف ربط جملهٔ کامل باشند؛ در She is smart but lazy کاما نمی‌خواهیم، چون lazy جمله نیست.

۴. داستانِ مادر و کبوتر را به‌اختصار بازگو کنید و بگویید نویسنده با آوردن دفترچهٔ خاطرات چه پیامی را می‌رساند.

مادری سالخورده روی مبل نشسته بود و پسرش روزنامه می‌خواند. کبوتری روی پنجره نشست و مادر سه بار پرسید What is this? بار سوم پسر بر سرش فریاد زد: Why do you keep asking me the same question again and again? It is a pigeon. Can't you understand this?

مادر برخاست و دفترچهٔ خاطرات کهنه‌ای آورد و از پسر خواست صفحه‌ای از آن را بخواند. در آن صفحه نوشته بود: My son asked me 15 times what it was, and I replied to him all 15 times that it was a pigeon. I hugged him lovingly each time he asked me the same question. I did not feel angry at all. پسر پس از خواندن، ناگهان به گریه افتاد و گفت: Please forgive me, mother.

پیام نویسنده در پاراگراف پایانی آشکار می‌شود: والدین از کودکی ما را با صبر و فداکاری بزرگ کرده‌اند و هرگز با ما بی‌حوصلگی نکرده‌اند؛ پس اکنون که سالخورده شده‌اند نوبت ماست که مراقبشان باشیم، بر آن‌ها فریاد نزنیم و همواره مهربان و محترم باشیم.

۵. منظور از «Collocation» چیست؟ چند نمونه از هم‌آیندهای این درس را بنویسید و بگویید چرا «make exercise» یا «shout to someone» نادرست است.

هم‌آیند به ترکیبی از دو یا چند واژه گفته می‌شود که گویشوران زبان به‌طور طبیعی کنار هم به کار می‌برند. این ترکیب‌ها از قاعده‌ای منطقی پیروی نمی‌کنند و باید همان‌گونه که هستند آموخته شوند.

نمونه‌هایی از همین درس: take care of یعنی مراقبت کردن، spare no pains یعنی از هیچ کوششی دریغ نکردن، چنان‌که He spared no pains to cure sick children؛ burst into tears یعنی ناگهان گریستن؛ hard of hearing یعنی کم‌شنوا؛ و be regarded as یعنی به شمار آمدن، مانند He was regarded as a dedicated physician.

خطا در دو نمونهٔ پرسش از انتخاب واژهٔ نادرست است. فعلِ همراه exercise واژهٔ do است نه make، پس do exercise درست است؛ همان‌گونه که می‌گوییم make a mistake نه «do a mistake». دربارهٔ shout نیز حرف اضافهٔ ثابت at است، پس Don't shout at me درست و «shout to me» نادرست است. حرف‌های اضافهٔ ثابتِ دیگرِ درس نیز اینهاست: sit on the sofa، hard of hearing، regard as و by the way.

راهنمای حل تشریحی کتاب‌کار

راهنمای حل کتاب‌کار: Sense of Appreciation

آنتونیم‌هایِ متن: past → future, young → old, hate → respect/love, finish → begin/start.
تعریف‌ها: generation, failure, appreciate, deserve.
جای‌خالی: shares, respect, failure, later; واژهٔ unconditionally در این چهار جمله استفاده نمی‌شود.
معلوم/مجهول: The cruel hunter killed the gazelle / The gazelle was killed by the cruel hunter.؛ Sina's mother gave him a book for his birthday / A book was given to Sina by his mother.؛ Baird invented the first television in 1924 / The first television was invented by Baird in 1924.؛ I always keep the butter in the fridge / The butter is always kept in the fridge.؛ برایِ جملهٔ پنجم، مفعول و حرفِ اضافه را عیناً نگه دارید: You did not inform us about the results / We were not informed about the results.
مجهولِ زمان‌ها: was found, were opened, are kept, is spoken, was stolen.
tagها: isn't it?, have you?, isn't there?, does he?, didn't she?.
حروفِ ربط: so, but, so, but, or, and.
اصلاحِ ربط‌ها: جملهٔ باران so; ساعتِ سه but; برف و گرم‌بودن با تضاد but; امتحان و ضرورتِ مطالعه نتیجه/علت دارد، so; خستگی و خوابیدن نتیجه است، so.
ترتیبِ نمونه: I asked a question, so my teacher replied.؛ Mary studies a lot, but she cannot pass the exam.؛ My brother went to the library, but he didn't study at all.؛ Reza is in hospital, so he cannot attend the class.
مجهول: مفعولِ جملهٔ معلوم به جایگاهِ فاعل می‌آید و شکلِ مناسبِ be + V3 با زمانِ جمله هماهنگ می‌شود؛ فاعلِ انجام‌دهنده با by فقط وقتی لازم است می‌آید.
tag question: جملهٔ مثبت، tag منفی؛ جملهٔ منفی، tag مثبت. فعلِ کمکی و ضمیر باید با جمله جور باشند؛ Let's …, shall we?; امرِ مثبت معمولاً will you?.
and افزودن، but تضاد، or انتخاب، so نتیجه. در دو جملهٔ مستقل معمولاً پیش از حرفِ ربط ویرگول می‌آید.
پاسخِ متنِ قدردانی باید رابطهٔ شخص/نسل، کنش، و نتیجه را مشخص کند؛ برایِ مرجعِ ضمیر، antecedent را با شمار و معنا کنترل کنید.
جمله‌هایِ به‌هم‌ریخته: ابتدا فاعل/فعل را پیدا کنید، سپس مفعول و قید را مرتب کنید. رایتینگ دربارهٔ فردِ اثرگذار پاسخِ باز دارد و به یک دلیلِ روشن نیاز دارد.

درسنامه

بخش اول: واژگان کلیدی (Vocabulary)

جدول کامل واژگان

صفات مثبت و منفی (Positive & Negative Adjectives)

نکات واژگانی کنکوری

1) regard (as) — دو کاربرد مهم

2) spare no pains = دریغ نکردن، تلاش کردن

3) hard of hearing ≠ hearing problem

4) burst into tears = ناگهان گریستن

5) تفاوت feed و eat

6) homeland vs hometown

کلمات هم‌خانواده (Word Families)

بخش دوم: Collocations (هم‌آیندها)

تعریف Collocations

Collocations مهم درس 1

Collocations با افعال مختلف

make vs do

take collocations

حروف اضافه در Collocations

بخش سوم: مهارت خواندن — Question Generation

تعریف

مراحل Question Generation

کلمات پرسشی رایج + نوع پاسخ

سؤالات نمونه از متن Conversation

سؤالات نمونه از متن Reading

نکته کنکوری

بخش چهارم: گرامر — Passive Voice

تعریف

ساختار Passive در زمان‌های مختلف

فرمول کلی Passive

مثال‌های کامل

1) Simple Present

2) Simple Past

3) Present Perfect

4) Future

5) Modals (can, must, should)

استفاده از by برای ذکر فاعل

Passive Voice در متن Conversation

تمرین تبدیل Active به Passive

حل تمرین E (Passive در متن)

اشتباهات رایج Passive

بخش پنجم: گرامر — Tag Questions

تعریف

ساختار کلی

مثال‌های کامل

قواعد Tag Questions

1) فعل کمکی (Auxiliary Verb) را در tag تکرار کنید

2) اگر جمله فعل کمکی ندارد (Simple Present/Past)

3) ضمیر مناسب را در tag بیاورید

Tag Questions با Let's

Tag Questions با جملات امری

کاربرد Tag Questions

1) Eliciting Agreement (تأیید گرفتن)

2) Signaling Uncertainty (ابراز تردید)

مثال مکالمه از کتاب

تمرین Tag Questions

بخش ششم: گرامر — Compound Sentences

تعریف

حروف ربط (Coordinating Conjunctions)

1) and = اضافه کردن اطلاعات

2) but = تضاد

3) or = انتخاب

4) so = نتیجه

5) yet = با این حال (تضاد ملایم)

6) for = زیرا (دلیل) [رسمی]

تمرین Compound Sentences

نکات کنکوری Compound Sentences

1) کاما قبل از حرف ربط الزامی است

2) تفاوت and در لیست و and در جمله مرکب

3) حرف ربط نباید اول جمله بیاید

بخش هفتم: خلاصه متن Reading

داستان: احترام به والدین

پاراگراف 1

پاراگراف 2

پاراگراف 3

پاراگراف 4

پاراگراف 5 (پیام اخلاقی)

پیام اصلی داستان

بخش هشتم: Reference Words (ضمایر و مراجع)

تعریف