پرش به محتوای اصلی

Lesson 3 (زبان انگلیسی 3) — درسنامه‌ی کامل کنکور

درسنامه‌ی کامل این مبحث در کوئیز سنتر — رایگان و بدون نیاز به ثبت‌نام

درسنامه

بخش اول: واژگان کلیدی (Vocabulary)

الف) واژگان اصلی درس

واژه نقش دستوری معنی فارسی مثال
renewable adjective تجدیدپذیر، قابل تمدید Solar energy is a renewable resource.
fossil fuel noun سوخت فسیلی Coal and oil are fossil fuels.
turbine noun توربین Wind turbines produce electricity.
generate verb تولید کردن، ایجاد کردن This power plant generates electricity.
produce verb تولید کردن Iran produces a lot of oil.
electricity noun برق We need electricity to light our homes.
solar power noun انرژی خورشیدی Many houses use solar power nowadays.
wind power noun انرژی باد Denmark uses wind power extensively.
hydropower noun انرژی آبی Karaj dam produces hydropower.
radiation noun تابش، اشعه Solar radiation reaches the Earth.
opposite noun/adjective/preposition مخالف، مقابل Hot is the opposite of cold.
remind verb یادآوری کردن This song reminds me of my childhood.
blow verb وزیدن (باد) The wind is blowing strongly today.
air conditioner noun دستگاه تهویه مطبوع We use an air conditioner in summer.
source noun منبع The sun is a source of energy.
resource noun منبع، ذخیره Iran is rich in oil resources.
consume verb مصرف کردن People consume a lot of energy.
pollution noun آلودگی Air pollution is a big problem.
pollute verb آلوده کردن Factories pollute the environment.
environment noun محیط زیست We must protect the environment.
balcony noun بالکن I like sitting on the balcony.
variety noun تنوع، گوناگونی There is a variety of foods here.
tide noun جزر و مد The tide is high now.
replace verb جایگزین کردن Robots will replace workers.
use up phrasal verb تمام کردن، مصرف کامل کردن Don't use up all the water!
forever adverb برای همیشه Nothing lasts forever.
demand noun/verb تقاضا / درخواست کردن The demand for oil is increasing.
convert verb تبدیل کردن We can convert wind into electricity.
absorb verb جذب کردن Plants absorb carbon dioxide.
harmful adjective مضر، زیان‌آور Smoking is harmful to health.
nonrenewable adjective غیرقابل تجدید Oil is a nonrenewable resource.
arrangement noun چیدمان، ترتیب The arrangement of furniture is nice.
panel noun پانل، صفحه Solar panels are on the roof.
collector noun جمع‌کننده Solar collectors absorb sunlight.
highway noun بزرگراه This highway connects two cities.
generation noun نسل The young generation uses smartphones.
deliver verb تحویل دادن They deliver packages every day.
voluntary adjective داوطلبانه He did voluntary work.
warn verb هشدار دادن The teacher warned the students.
inform verb اطلاع دادن Please inform me of any changes.
landfill noun محل دفن زباله Garbage is taken to the landfill.
garbage noun زباله Take out the garbage, please.
waste noun زباله، ضایعات Recycling reduces waste.

ب) Collocations مهم درس

Collocation معنی مثال
produce electricity تولید برق Wind turbines produce electricity.
save energy صرفه‌جویی در انرژی Turn off lights to save energy.
fossil fuels سوخت‌های فسیلی We depend too much on fossil fuels.
clean energy انرژی پاک Solar power is a type of clean energy.
renewable energy انرژی تجدیدپذیر Renewable energy is better for Earth.
solar power انرژی خورشیدی Many countries invest in solar power.
wind turbine توربین بادی A wind turbine converts wind to electricity.
natural gas گاز طبیعی Iran exports natural gas.
use up resources مصرف کامل منابع We are using up Earth's resources.
pollute the environment آلوده کردن محیط زیست Factories pollute the environment.
reduce demand کاهش تقاضا Using less energy reduces demand for oil.
heat source منبع حرارت The sun is a heat source.
solar collector جمع‌کننده خورشیدی Solar collectors are installed on roofs.
power station نیروگاه The power station supplies electricity.
cooling system سیستم خنک‌کننده This building has a natural cooling system.
give off gases آزاد کردن گازها Burning coal gives off harmful gases.
take notes یادداشت برداری کردن Students should take notes in class.

ج) Word Families (خانواده‌های واژگانی)

Noun Verb Adjective Adverb
energy energize energetic energetically
production produce productive productively
pollution pollute polluted/polluting —
electricity electrify electric/electrical electrically
consumption consume consumable —
variety vary various/variable variously
replacement replace replaceable —
conversion convert convertible —
absorption absorb absorbent —
harm harm harmful/harmless harmfully
generation generate generative —
demand demand demanding —
information inform informative informatively
warning warn — —
delivery deliver deliverable —
collection collect collective collectively
arrangement arrange arranged —

د) Synonyms & Antonyms مهم

کلمه Synonym (هم‌معنی) Antonym (متضاد)
renewable sustainable nonrenewable
produce generate, create destroy, consume
harmful damaging, dangerous harmless, beneficial
reduce decrease, lower increase, raise
pollute contaminate, dirty clean, purify
save preserve, conserve waste, spend
convert change, transform maintain, keep
demand need, requirement supply
replace substitute keep, retain
forever eternally, always temporarily, briefly
valuable precious worthless
common usual, ordinary rare, unusual
various different, diverse same, uniform

هـ) Prefixes & Suffixes کنکوری

Prefixes:

Prefix معنی مثال از این درس
non- غیر، نه nonrenewable (غیرقابل تجدید)
re- دوباره renew, replace, reduce

Suffixes:

Suffix نقش مثال
-able صفت (قابل) renew → renewable
-tion اسم pollute → pollution
-ity اسم electric → electricity
-ful صفت (پر از) harm → harmful
-less صفت (بدون) harm → harmless
-er/-or اسم فاعل collect → collector
-ly قید mechanical → mechanically

بخش دوم: انواع انرژی (Types of Energy)

الف) انرژی‌های تجدیدپذیر (Renewable Energy Sources)

✅ این منابع تمام نمی‌شوند و محیط زیست را آلوده نمی‌کنند:

نوع توضیح مثال
Solar Energy انرژی خورشید Solar panels on roofs
Wind Energy انرژی باد Wind turbines in Manjil
Hydropower انرژی آب Dams and waterfalls
Tidal Energy انرژی جزر و مد Ocean tides
Biomass Energy انرژی از گیاهان Plants and organic waste
Geothermal Energy انرژی زمین‌گرمایی Heat from inside Earth

ب) انرژی‌های غیرتجدیدپذیر (Nonrenewable Energy Sources)

❌ این منابع محدود هستند و محیط زیست را آلوده می‌کنند:

نوع توضیح مشکلات
Coal زغال سنگ Air pollution, CO₂ emissions
Oil نفت Limited supply, pollution
Natural Gas گاز طبیعی Limited supply
Nuclear Energy انرژی هسته‌ای Radioactive waste

ج) مقایسه Renewable vs Nonrenewable

ویژگی Renewable Nonrenewable
تمام می‌شود؟ خیر (No) بله (Yes)
آلوده‌کننده؟ خیر بله
هزینه اولیه بالا پایین
هزینه بلندمدت پایین بالا
مثال Wind, Solar, Water Coal, Oil, Gas

بخش سوم: Conversation - تحلیل و نکات کنکوری

الف) خلاصه گفتگو:

عماد و پدرش در مسیر سفر به گیلان هستند و در منجیل توربین‌های بادی بزرگ می‌بینند. عماد فکر می‌کند آن‌ها بادبزن هستند، اما پدرش توضیح می‌دهد که توربین‌های بادی برای تولید برق استفاده می‌شوند.

ب) جملات کلیدی و ساختارهای مهم:

1) They are actually wind turbines.

⚠️ نکته: استفاده از actually برای تصحیح تصور غلط:

  • I thought he was a teacher, but he's actually a doctor.

2) Wind turbines are used to produce electricity.

be used to+V1=برای ... استفاده می‌شود\boxed{\text{be used to} + \text{V1} = \text{برای ... استفاده می‌شود}}

مثال‌های بیشتر:

  • Solar panels are used to generate electricity.
  • Dictionaries are used to find word meanings.

⚠️ مقایسه با ساختارهای مشابه:

ساختار معنی مثال
be used to + V1 برای ... استفاده شدن This tool is used to cut wood.
used to + V1 قبلاً ... (عادت گذشته) I used to play football.
be used to + Ving/N به ... عادت داشتن I am used to waking up early.

3) How might it be generated from wind?

⚠️ نکته گرامری: استفاده از might برای احتمال و امکان:

  • It might rain tomorrow. (شاید فردا باران ببارد)
  • This might be a good idea. (این شاید ایده خوبی باشه)

4) A wind turbine works the opposite of a fan.

⚠️ نکته واژگانی: the opposite of = برعکس، مخالف

  • Day is the opposite of night.
  • Love is the opposite of hate.

5) Instead of using electricity to make wind, a turbine uses wind to make electricity.

instead of+Ving/N=به جای\boxed{\text{instead of} + \text{Ving/N} = \text{به جای}}

مثال‌های بیشتر:

  • I walked to school instead of taking the bus.
  • Instead of watching TV, I read a book.

6) These wind turbines remind me of what I read...

remind sb of sth=چیزی را به کسی یادآوری کردن\boxed{\text{remind sb of sth} = \text{چیزی را به کسی یادآوری کردن}}

مثال‌های بیشتر:

  • This song reminds me of my childhood.
  • Your voice reminds me of your father.

⚠️ تفاوت remind vs remember:

ساختار معنی مثال
remind sb of sth به کسی یادآوری کردن This reminds me of you.
remember sth به خاطر آوردن I remember that day.

7) Wind towers can be used instead of electrical air conditioners.

⚠️ نکته: instead of + noun/gerund

  • Instead of cars, we can use bicycles.
  • Instead of buying, we can borrow.

8) This is another source of clean energy, isn't it?

⚠️ نکته گرامری: Question Tags (سؤال‌های دنباله‌دار)

قاعده:

  • جمله مثبت ← tag منفی
  • جمله منفی ← tag مثبت

مثال‌ها:

  • You are a student, aren't you?
  • He doesn't like coffee, does he?
  • They went home, didn't they?
  • She can't swim, can she?

بخش چهارم: Reading - تحلیل متن و یادداشت‌برداری

الف) خلاصه متن:

متن درباره انرژی و اهمیت آن صحبت می‌کند:

  1. تعریف Energy: توانایی انجام کار
  2. انواع Energy: مکانیکی، الکتریکی، شیمیایی، هسته‌ای
  3. منابع سنتی: سوخت‌های فسیلی (نفت، گاز، زغال‌سنگ)
  4. مشکلات Fossil Fuels:
    • تجدیدناپذیر
    • آلوده‌کننده
    • محدود
  5. راه‌حل: استفاده از Clean Energy (انرژی پاک)
  6. انواع Clean Energy: خورشید، باد، آب، جزر و مد، گیاهان
  7. مزایای Solar Energy:
    • گرمایش آب و هوا
    • تولید برق
    • استفاده در ساعت، تابلوها، خانه‌ها، ایستگاه‌های فضایی

ب) Note-Taking Strategy (استراتژی یادداشت‌برداری)

⚠️ قوانین طلایی:

✅ چه چیزهایی را یادداشت کنیم:

  1. Main ideas (ایده‌های اصلی)
  2. Important examples (مثال‌های مهم)
  3. Key words (کلمات کلیدی)

❌ چه چیزهایی را یادداشت نکنیم:

  1. Complete sentences (جملات کامل)
  2. Minor details (جزئیات جزئی)
  3. Everything (همه چیز)

✅ تکنیک‌های یادداشت‌برداری:

1) استفاده از Abbreviations (مخففات):

کلمه کامل مخفف
energy E
electricity elec.
renewable renew.
for example e.g.
and &
with w/
without w/o
important imp.
because bc
government gov't

2) استفاده از Symbols (نمادها):

معنی نماد
افزایش ↑
کاهش ↓
منجر به ←
مساوی =
بیشتر از >
کمتر از <
مثبت +
منفی −
مهم ⭐

3) نمونه یادداشت از متن:

Paragraph 1:
Energy:

  • Ability to do work
  • Types: mechanical, electrical, chemical, nuclear
  • Resources: fossil fuels (oil, gas, coal)

Paragraph 2:
Problems of fossil fuels:

  • Nonrenewable ✗
  • Pollute air & water ✗
  • Gone forever when used up

Paragraph 3:
Clean energy:

  • Renewable ✓
  • Don't pollute ✓
  • Sources: wind, water, sun, tides, plants
  • ↓ demand for fossil fuels

Paragraph 4-5 (Solar Energy):
Solar power:

  • Most common clean E
  • From sun radiation
  • Iran: special window/balcony design → max sunshine
  • Uses:
    1. Heat water/air (homes, buildings, pools)
    2. Generate electricity (watches, signs, houses, space stations)
  • Solar collectors = panels on roof

Paragraph 6:
Result:

  • Clean E widely used
  • ↓ fossil fuel consumption
  • Saved for future generations

ج) Reference Words (کلمات ارجاعی) در متن

⚠️ این بخش در کنکور بسیار پرتکرار است!

کلمه ارجاعی قسمت متن به چه چیزی اشاره دارد
it (para. 1, line 1) "Energy is the ability to do work. It can take..." energy
them (para. 2, line 3) "Once we use them up..." fossil fuels
them (para. 3, line 2) "They call them clean energy..." other types of energy resources
these (para. 5, line 5) "These are solar collectors..." big shiny panels on the roof
they (para. 6, line 3) "...and they are saved..." fossil fuels

⚠️ تکنیک حل: همیشه به جمله قبلی یا اسم قبلی نگاه کنید!

بخش پنجم: Grammar 1 — Passive Voice with Modals

الف) ساختار:

S+modal+be+V3\boxed{\text{S} + \text{modal} + \text{be} + \text{V3}}

Modals: can, could, may, might, should, must, will, would

ب) مقایسه Active و Passive:

Active Passive
The principal should call the parents. The parents should be called (by the principal).
The cook may make a fish salad. A fish salad may be made (by the cook).
People must obey traffic rules. Traffic rules must be obeyed (by people).
We can use solar energy. Solar energy can be used (by us).
They will build a new hospital. A new hospital will be built (by them).

ج) کاربرد:

⚠️ زمانی از Passive استفاده می‌کنیم که:

  1. فاعل مهم نیست
  2. فاعل نامشخص است
  3. تمرکز روی مفعول است

مثال:

  • Someone steals cars in this area.
  • Cars are stolen in this area. ✓

د) مثال‌های کنکوری:

1) Garbage can be changed into fuel.

  • فاعل (people) مهم نیست، تمرکز روی garbage است.

2) Solar panels should be installed on roofs.

  • فاعل (workers/companies) نامشخص است.

3) Fossil fuels must be saved for future generations.

  • تمرکز روی fossil fuels است، نه کسی که آن‌ها را save می‌کند.

هـ) تمرین:

جملات زیر را به Passive تبدیل کنید:

  1. People should reduce energy consumption.
    → Energy consumption should be reduced.

  2. We can convert wind into electricity.
    → Wind can be converted into electricity.

  3. Scientists may find new energy sources.
    → New energy sources may be found by scientists.

  4. The government must protect the environment.
    → The environment must be protected by the government.

  5. Workers should collect garbage regularly.
    → Garbage should be collected regularly.

و) نکات کنکوری:

⚠️ اشتباهات رایج:

✗ غلط ✓ صحیح
Solar energy can uses Solar energy can be used
Traffic rules must obeyed Traffic rules must be obeyed
The problem should solve The problem should be solved
Wind can converted Wind can be converted

⚠️ فرمول حفظی:

modal + be + V3\boxed{\text{modal + be + V3}}

نه: modal + V3
نه: modal + Ving

بخش ششم: Grammar 2 — Past Perfect Tense

الف) ساختار:

S+had+V3\boxed{\text{S} + \text{had} + \text{V3}}

ب) کاربرد:

⚠️ Past Perfect برای عملی در گذشته که قبل از عمل دیگری در گذشته انجام شده استفاده می‌شود.

فرمول:

Action 1 (earlier)→Past PerfectAction 2 (later)→Past Simple\boxed{\text{Action 1 (earlier)} \xrightarrow{\text{Past Perfect}} \text{Action 2 (later)} \xrightarrow{\text{Past Simple}}}

ج) مثال‌ها:

Past Perfect (earlier) Past Simple (later)
Joe had studied Chinese before he moved to China.
She had never seen a bear before she went to the zoo.
I had paid too much, so they gave me some money back.
After we had eaten lunch, we flew our kites.

د) Time Markers (نشانه‌های زمانی):

کلمه/عبارت معنی مثال
before قبل از Before I came, they had left.
after بعد از After I had finished, I went out.
when وقتی When I arrived, the movie had started.
by the time تا زمانی که By the time I got there, they had gone.
already قبلاً He had already eaten when I called.
just تازه، به تازگی She had just left when I arrived.
never هرگز I had never seen such a thing before.

هـ) مقایسه Past Simple vs Past Perfect:

سناریو:

  1. ساعت 8: I finished my homework.
  2. ساعت 9: My friend called me.

گزارش:

  • When my friend called me, I had already finished my homework. (Past Perfect + Past Simple)
  • I had finished my homework before my friend called me. (Past Perfect + Past Simple)

⚠️ نکته: عملی که زودتر انجام شده ← Past Perfect

و) تمرین:

با استفاده از Past Perfect، جملات را کامل کنید:

  1. When I arrived at the party, everyone had already gone (already/go) home.

  2. She was sad because she had lost (lose) her keys.

  3. After they had finished (finish) dinner, they watched TV.

  4. Before we went to the cinema, we had bought (buy) some popcorn.

  5. I wasn't hungry because I had just eaten (just/eat) lunch.

ز) Past Perfect Negative & Question:

Negative:

S+had not (hadn’t)+V3\boxed{\text{S} + \text{had not (hadn't)} + \text{V3}}
  • He hadn't studied before the exam.
  • They hadn't seen that movie before.

Question:

Had+S+V3?\boxed{\text{Had} + \text{S} + \text{V3}?}
  • Had you finished your homework?
  • Had they left before you arrived?

ح) Irregular Verbs مهم این درس:

Base Form Past Simple Past Participle
see saw seen
go went gone
eat ate eaten
leave left left
make made made
take took taken
come came come
buy bought bought
lose lost lost
finish finished finished
call called called
start started started

بخش هفتم: Writing — Supporting & Concluding Sentences

الف) ساختار پاراگراف کامل

Topic Sentence→Supporting Sentences→Concluding Sentence\boxed{\text{Topic Sentence} \rightarrow \text{Supporting Sentences} \rightarrow \text{Concluding Sentence}}

ب) انواع جملات در پاراگراف

نوع جمله نقش مثال
Topic Sentence معرفی ایده اصلی Solar energy is one of the best sources of clean energy.
Supporting Sentence 1 توضیح (Explanation) The sun radiates energy that can be absorbed by solar panels.
Supporting Sentence 2 دلیل (Reason) This is important because it does not pollute the environment.
Supporting Sentence 3 مثال (Example) For example, many houses in Iran use solar collectors to heat water.
Concluding Sentence نتیجه‌گیری Therefore, solar energy is a clean and sustainable choice for our future.

ج) Signal Words (کلمات راهنما)

برای Supporting Sentences:

هدف کلمات راهنما
توضیح this means that, in other words, that is
دلیل because, since, as a result, therefore
مثال for example, for instance, such as, e.g.
اضافه کردن also, in addition, furthermore, moreover

برای Concluding Sentence:

کلمات راهنما
In conclusion, In summary, To sum up, Therefore, Thus, As a result

د) نمونه پاراگراف کامل

Topic: Wind Energy

[Topic] Wind energy is one of the most useful sources of renewable energy.
[Explanation] Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy of wind into electricity.
[Reason] This is beneficial because wind is free and does not produce harmful gases.
[Example] For example, Manjil in Gilan province has many wind turbines that supply electricity to thousands of homes.
[Conclusion] In conclusion, wind energy is a clean and effective solution to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels.

بخش هشتم: Proverbs (ضرب‌المثل‌ها)

ضرب‌المثل انگلیسی معادل فارسی معنی
God helps those who help themselves. از تو حرکت، از خدا برکت تلاش کن تا موفق شوی
Actions speak louder than words. کردار از گفتار بهتر است عمل مهم‌تر از حرف است
Don't put off till tomorrow what you can do today. کار امروز را به فردا مینداز تعویق نینداز
A friend in need is a friend indeed. دوست آن است که گیرد دست دوست دوست واقعی در سختی کنار توست

بخش نهم: جمع‌بندی نکات کنکوری ⭐

✅ Passive + Modal:

modal + be + V3\text{modal + be + V3}
  • can converts → can be converted ✓
  • should protects → should be protected ✓

✅ Past Perfect:

had + V3(عمل زودتر)\text{had + V3} \quad \text{(عمل زودتر)}
  • Before he arrived, I had finished my work.
  • When she called, I had already left.

✅ Be used to vs Used to vs Be used to:

ساختار معنی مثال
be used to + V1 برای ... استفاده شدن Panels are used to collect sunlight.
used to + V1 قبلاً عادت داشتن I used to ride a bike.
be used to + Ving به ... عادت داشتن I am used to waking up early.

✅ واژگان پرتکرار کنکور از این درس:

واژه کنکوری‌ترین نکته
renewable antonym = nonrenewable
instead of + Ving یا Noun
remind sb of حتماً of بعد از آن
convert A into B تبدیل A به B
absorb ≈ take in
generate ≈ produce
opposite the opposite of

مباحث مرتبط

ادبیات تعلیمی (فارسی1)ادبیات تعلیمی (فارسی2)ادبیات تعلیمی (فارسی3)ادبیات پایداری (فارسی1)

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